young master Powerbut
October 19, 1216, England's King John (a few days ago due to the excessive eating peach) in Newark died, dying life eldest son Henry ascended the throne.
At that time, Prince Henry was nine years old and he was still an ignorant child, but the domestic situation was still a mess, and the entire government agency basically stopped working.
Although John had already launched a full-scale military operation to sweep the north and southwest directions, the situation was not very optimistic after the French King Prince Louis landed and entered London. The aristocratic families in the north have always been dissatisfied with the central government. The king of Scotland behind Alexander II is by no means a peaceful neighbor; in the west, the barons and Llewellyn of Wales have also been secretly communicating; most of the free towns have suffered from John’s Exploitation, anger is hard to dissipate, tends to barons, London is also in the hands of the rebels; although the large number of mercenaries that John has attracted are his old acquaintances, these people are obviously more closely related to money. If they are not satisfied, Can't count on their conscience at all. The country is in a state of turmoil, and the people are in a state of panic all day long. In short, the new king replaced the old king, the nobles reshuffled, prospered, the people suffered, died, the people suffered, and there was nothing new under the sun.
Of course, Prince Henry is not alone and helpless. William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, will be loyal to the end. This is even clear to his confused and willful father John, and the powerful Earl of Chester Randolph Branveld is also standing. On the side of the king. Under the leadership of these two important ministers, many nobles turned to the king, including some who had originally stood in the rebel team. In addition, the war situation left by John is not too bad, in other words, the military talents of the barons are really not enough to support such a large-scale strategic operation. Another very important point is the support of the church. Innocent III fully supports John "spiritually". He has brought back the basically neutral Archbishop of Canterbury Longton to Rome to be dealt with, revoked the Magna Carta, and imposed excommunication on the rebellious baron. Before John's death, the great pope had already taken a step forward. His successor, Honorius III, firmly continued to implement his policies, and the aggressive Louis had also been excommunicated.
Henry has another big advantage-he is not his father John. The barons were all directed at the capricious and surly John. Although Henry was a little boy, he was a kid from the bottom of the pan. The barons had insufficient reasons for continuing to rebel.
King John left alone with Marshall, and then Long Yu Bintian. The old Marshall immediately approached the Pope’s special envoy, Cardinal Guero, to discuss the next move. In fact, there was not much discussion, and he needed to be crowned immediately.
On October 28th, King John had just been buried, and Prince Henry was crowned at St. Peter’s Abbey in Grochester. Right now Westminster cannot go to London. The rebels are in control of London, so they had to deal with it cheaply. Henry read the coronation oath and made allegiance to the Pope, and the Cardinal of Guero anointed the little king. The next day, important nobles who were loyal to the king performed allegiance. On November 1st, Marshall was appointed as political judge, and on November 2nd, the council immediately convened in Bristol.
Although the number of aristocrats who can come to the meeting is very small, bishops everywhere come to show their support for the king. Promoted by Guiro, it was decided to select a regent to preside over the work based on the style of the Crusaders establishing a country in the Holy Land.
Before Henry was crowned, the old Marshall awarded him a knighthood. Forty-three years ago, Marshall also awarded him a knighthood to a young Henry, the new king's grandfather Henry II. Everyone agreed that there was no suitable candidate except William Marshall, the veteran of the four dynasties. At first, Marshall refused to accept this position. It was not a pretense to ask others to "persuade", but the current situation is not easy to understand. Marshall is nearly seventy years old and feels that his responsibilities are too great to accept it suddenly. But, you are not getting old, who else is there? The model knight finally took over the task without hesitation, and his son, Marshall, was still in the enemy camp.
Marshall requested the appointment of Peter de Roche and Hubert de Boehler as co-administration authorities. Although Bishop Peter was very capable, he had been with John for a few years and his reputation was not very good. Hubert hurried back immediately. Dover continued to resist Louis guarding his castle, and it couldn't help much.
On December 12, the Regent William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, and Cardinal Guero, the Pope’s special envoy, jointly signed a confirmation in Bristol to reissue the Magna Carta previously annulled by Innocent III. In a messy situation, this is an extremely clever move that completely dismantles the legal reasons for the rebels to launch a rebellion. In particular, this is a joint decision made by the actual supreme power of the kingdom and the Pope’s representative. It shows that the attitude of the church is different from that of Innocent III, who has a tough attitude. Instead, it focuses on politically feasible solutions and tries to achieve peace and freedom. And order. On the other hand, this Bristol Magna Carta has deleted several articles in the Lennymed Magna Carta that restrict royal power, and several other articles have been postponed for further discussion. In this way, the king's face can be preserved, and it also gives the rebels a step down. This kind of extremely politically intelligent approach cannot be approved in the hands of the violent John.
The
ambitious Louis, of course, is not willing to give up easily. His feet are already on the green mountains of England. I think he must be dreaming of William the Conqueror's dream, wanting to lay a piece of land for himself.
The two sides on the battlefield now have Henry III on one side. The little king who has just ascended the throne is innocent and cute. It has completely changed John’s image of king. It looks more like a flag and a symbol. The actual host is a model among knights. The loyal William Marshall and the Pope’s special envoy, Cardinal Guero, are supported by many important nobles and the entire church; on the other side is the French King Prince Louis, whose father is France whose mission is to subvert the Gorse dynasty. King Philip II and the English barons who rebelled against King John were backed by the whole of France.
The series of measures taken by Marshall after taking power have made the rebel barons increasingly unable to hold their heads up. Their reason for inviting Louis to enter was to resist the tyranny of King John. Now John is dead, the Magna Carta has been recognized, and they The French who came in became more and more wolves in the house. Marshall was very generous to the surrendered barons. Not only did he not punish them, he also asked the king to guarantee their freedom and property, and even more rewards. Louis was arrogant to the English aristocracy, or he looked down on these rebels from the bottom of his heart. Distrust, but lack the wisdom to use. So more and more people flowed from Louis's side to Henry III's side.
The battlefield gradually entered the posture of offensive and defensive castles, and the two sides competed and saw each other around the strong castles. At first, Louis achieved certain results, occupying the eastern counties and London, but then he could no longer continue to expand the occupied area. In 1217, the two sides convened an advisory council at almost the same time. The king was in Oxford and Louis was in Cambridge. It was possible that some kind of cease-fire arrangement was reached. By April, another armistice agreement was reached. To be honest, both parties are really exhausted and need to rest.
Louis wanted to go back to France to bring back more soldiers and supplies. In view of the fact that the French are becoming more and more like the invading army, they have been severely blocked by civilian rebels at the local level, and they are unable to extricate themselves from the vast ocean of People's War. When Louis approached the coast, the Five Hong Kong League, who had been loyal to him, turned back to the king. The civilian army besieged the French army in the area. They did not clear the country, but only demolished the mill. Facing the wheat piled up in the warehouse, the French had to stare and try to use various hard objects and flour toast. I was so hungry. It was not until the French fleet tried hard to avoid the sea blockade of the Five Ports to reach the shore, before taking the embarrassed Prince Louis back to France.
More and more people fell to the king, including William Marshall the Jr. His father rode horses to parade everywhere regardless of his age. Everywhere he went, people bowed down, and even approached the City of London. Wang Jun continued to win victories in various places. Louis’s defender in London had nothing to do with Geran in London. He also launched three attacks against Lincoln Castle, but they were all defeated by the local defender and the castle’s hereditary heir Nicolas De · Conwell-a brave and extraordinary old lady repelled.
On the other hand, Louis couldn’t ask for much support from his father, Philip, because France had already endured more and more pressure from the pope, because it was aimed at the British king—technically speaking, the pope’s direct vassal, sworn to participate in the cross. Soldiers of the army-launched an attack. Louis had already been excommunicated. Philip could only accept a quick victory. If he could win England in one fell swoop and obtain a de facto occupation, he was slowly grappling with the Pope on legal issues, so time The longer it is, the less victory will be.
Louis returned with only 120 reinforcement knights, some of whom had fiefdoms in England, and morale was even lower. When Louis returned to Dover, Hubert de Borre still clung to the castle. Louis had already involved too much energy here. He had to sign a peace treaty with Hubert and abandon the siege. Now he must consider defense, and several of his castles have been strongly attacked by the king's army.
While he was busy fighting around, Marshall decided to launch an active attack. The goal was to rescue Lincoln Castle. The awesome old lady Nicholas had been blocking the French army and the Baron from February to May. Our offense, if not rescued, is really a knightly demeanor. Marshall personally led the army, and Brandville, Earl of Chester, and Peter de Roche, bishop of Winchester, set off together. Bishop Guero gave the soldiers a pre-war sermon and blessing, and the army went straight to Lincoln Castle. In this battle, the French army and the barons complained endlessly. Not many were killed on the battlefield. On the way back to London, they were ambushed by civilian troops along the way, killing countless people. The leader of the rebellious baron Robert Fitz-Walter and Sa El de Quincy and others were captured.
More and more areas controlled by the King's army, gradually approaching London, now Dover is completely controlled by the English, and the reinforcements of the French army can only bypass the Thames and enter London. On August 23, at the Saint Bartholomew Festival, the French reinforcements sailed into the Thames. The British commander-in-chief Hubert de Boehler ordered the French to be let go, and then attacked from the rear. After a fierce battle, The French army was defeated, and the French army commander Eustace was beheaded. After this battle, the British army completely controlled the sea, and the French army's reinforcements and supplies could not enter. From a strategic point of view, Louis had already failed.
Louis has been on the battlefield and knows the situation very well, and now he must return to the negotiating table. The two parties quickly reached an agreement under the City of London, and a formal agreement was signed on September 11. Louis surrendered all the castles and lands occupied in England, lifted the English pledge of allegiance, and severed contact with allies; King Henry promised not to punish the rebels, and the City of London retained its original privileges and paid Louis 10,000 marks as compensation. A few days later, Louis and his French followers confessed their mistakes to the Pope’s envoy, barefoot and wearing the white robe of a sinner, Guero lifted the excommunication, and then Louis and his party returned to France by boat from Dover.
However, it seems that the cardinal's anger is not small, and he resolutely refuses to forgive the clergy who attached to Louis. The first offender was Simon Langdon, the younger brother of Archbishop Langdon. When Louis invaded, he served as his secretary of secretarial director. He was considered a "hero". , Was punished in exile, and then Guero tried all the priests who had defected across the country, but refused to let them go.
England could finally take a breath and calm down. King Henry kept his promise and did not punish the rebellious baron, but rebel leaders such as Robert Fitz-Walter and Thrall de Quincy were not too embarrassed to stay in England again and set off to join the Crusade. Now, all the leaders of the royal army, Earl Randolph Branveld, fought alongside them. The reconciliation measures also included marriage, one of the supporters of the rebellious baron, King John’s ex-wife Isabella of Grochester, and remarrying the royal general Hubert de Boehler, Hubert obtained Essek. Earl of Spears——I wonder if Henry Tudor would read Spring and Autumn Nights at night when he ended the War of the Roses with his marriage to realize this principle of marriage.
On November 6, 1217, Marshall presided over the reissue of the Magna Carta again, and the rebellion against King John and the invasion of foreign enemies finally ended.
The Flower of the Cavaliers
Now, ten-year-old Henry III is basically stable, and William Marshall has made great contributions. This veteran of Henry II, Richard I, John, and Henry III carried out the knight’s loyalty to the end without any flaws: he once followed Henry II down the country, and the king accompanied him when he died; he experienced He supported the harsh rule of Bishop Lang Xiang during Richard's Crusade, and supported John against Lang Xiang. When John left his family, he was the only one who tried his best to mediate and negotiated with the barons in Lennymead; assisted the young Henry. The third king put down the barons' rebellion and expelled the French invaders, but his son was on the side of the barons, and the old William had no selfish intentions.
Marshall was an invincible knight when he was young. He had never failed in fighting with others. His moral behavior also met all the requirements of the knighthood, loyal and brave. In the process of serving as the regent and stabilizing the situation in England, what you rely on is not any political talent for innovation, but a loyal and firm heart, uniting all forces that can be united, in the royal party, the rebel baron, and foreign employment The forces of the army and the French invaders tried their best to reconcile and stabilize the chaotic political situation.
By re-signing the Magna Carta twice in 1216 and 1217, Marshall reached a settlement. In many cases, such a settlement requires more courage and tolerance than victory on the battlefield. Marshall used his own chivalry to build a platform for constitutionalism, honesty, selflessness, tolerance, abiding by promises, and respect for the law. These qualities cannot be replaced by the decisions of political leaders and the skills of jurists. Christ said that unless a person turns into a child, he cannot enter the kingdom of heaven, and if he lacks a pure and kind heart, it is also difficult to achieve a good constitutional government, because this is not entirely an institutional problem, but also a morality. problem.
The Magna Carta of 1217 abolished the temporary suspension of implementation during the crisis of the previous year, added two new clauses, and contained the most important provisions restricting the abuse of royal power. The Magna Carta re-signed in 1217 basically constituted the finalized text, and several re-signatures in the future did not make any substantive amendments to the provisions. Along with the Magna Carta, there is also a "Forest Charter". For a long time, the Royal Forest has imposed a great burden on the local people, and the kings have never been willing to give up or restrict hunting entertainment. In this charter, the royal family The rights of the People’s Republic of China have been greatly restricted. The two documents are stamped with the seals of the representatives of the regent and the pope and are issued to the whole country. On the other hand, Pope Hornoliu III did not hold the key of St. Peter like his predecessor Innocent, and regarded it as a universal method to open the treasure chest of all secular power. Hornoliu readily accepted England’s self-reconciliation, and his special envoy Gui Luo has been actively cooperating with Marshall, although some personal gains are inevitable sometimes.
It turned out that the twenty-five barons of the Magna Carta Executive Committee went their separate ways, letting their fate lead everywhere: Jeffrey Mandeville and Eustace de Vichy died before John; Richard Earl of Claire died at In 1218; Sal de Quincy joined the Crusades, and died in Egypt in 1219; Henry de Bergen, Earl of Helford and Roger Biggde, Earl of Norfolk, died in 1220; Robert de. Will died in 1221; William de Mowbray died in 1222; Robert Fitz-Walter had no rebellious heart since then, returned to England after participating in the Crusades, and died in 1235; William of Albini died in 1235 1236; Gilbert de Claire inherited the Earl of Hertford in 1218, succeeded the Earl of Grochester in 1226, and died in 1230. His son continued the ancestral tradition and participated in the leadership of Simon de Monfort Hugh Bigeard inherited his father’s knighthood and died in 1225; John de Reich was awarded the Earl of Lincoln in 1232 and died in 1240; Richard de Monfiche later served as the Forest District Political Law Officer, among these people, he was the only one who was still alive during the Baron War; only William Marshall the Jr. and William Earl of Omer are still active in the political arena in the future, and the others are gradually moving away from the court.
Now, besides Marshall, there is also Walter Gray, who was nominated by King John to be the Archbishop of Canterbury. He has served as the Archbishop of York for 40 years and is highly respected; Hubert de· As a political judge, Burrard has proven his loyalty and military talents, and after that he will prove that he is equally capable in government affairs; the bishop of Winchester, Peter de Roche, was John’s right-hand man, so his reputation Poor, but outstanding, and equally loyal and reliable in the process of counterinsurgency; Pope’s special envoy Guero, he is a serious and pious man, but does not claim to be the emperor, and cooperates with the royal government everywhere. His successor, Pandouf, is A close friend of Innocent and an old friend of England. In May, Stephen Langton returned from Rome and immediately fell into the ranks of supporting the king.
After the situation settled down a bit, Marshall continued to run around, implementing the supplementary provisions of the Magna Carta, arranging vassals from various places to perform allegiance, and those who had done meritorious services also needed to be appeased. In addition, after John’s lavishness, rebellion and the toss of foreign enemies, the treasury was so empty that it was unable to hold a Christmas party. Marshall tried his best to raise funds and prevent treacherous people from taking advantage of the young monarch’s youth. The last thing he did was to cause the council to issue a rule prohibiting the imperial seal to confirm the granting of a lifetime annuity to anyone before the king reached his adulthood.
On May 14, 1219, William Marshall the elder passed away. He was buried in London according to the etiquette of the Knights Templar. The whole country mourned and mourned the pillar of the country and the flower of the loyal knight.
I want
Marshall, an adult, respected and respected, to die, in accordance with his own will, no longer have the power to reign, but in fact, since the Earl of Chester Randolph Brandwell went out to join the Crusades, there is no such thing in the country. A person who controls the situation on his own. Presiding over the political situation are the Pope’s special envoy Pandouf, the Bishop of Winchester Peter de Roche, Hubert de Boehler, and the Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton who has returned to England. There is a delicate balance between Peter and Hubert, and Pandorf and Langdon.
In view of the urgency of the year, Henry III's coronation ceremony was so simple that the Pope felt a little owed, and thus contributed to the second coronation ceremony of the King of England. On May 17, 1220, Henry was crowned in the traditional way at Westminster Abbey. The humble Pandouf took the initiative to hand over the right to preside over the ceremony to Archbishop Langton. In a peaceful atmosphere, Henry III wore Saint-Emilion. Demon's crown. On July 7, Langdon presided over a ceremony in Canterbury and accepted the remains of St Thomas as the relic of the cathedral’s town hall.
However, this superficial unity, or delicate balance, is extremely easy to break. The breakthrough lies in the character of the person. Peter de Rowe is not really a piety who lives in the church. He is more accustomed to fighting on the battlefield in the Battle of Lincoln Castle. When he was a political judge, Hubert de Boehler was just John’s guard. Long, just a couple, so seeing Hubert's rise, the resentment in Bishop Peter's heart became stronger and stronger. On the other hand, Archbishop Langdon is not bad-hearted, but this person is very stubborn, not for the work of the united front. Faced with Pan Dufu’s courteous tolerance, he does not know how to communicate with each other, and Pan Dufu is also anxious. Report to Rome. As a result, the four masters in power attacked each other, messing around, and the young king could not mediate.
When Langton saw that the situation was not good, he rushed to Rome first. There was a huge contrast between Honouriu III and his predecessor, Innocent III. It was this pope who was kind-hearted and wanted peace in the world, so his ears were very soft. If anyone tells him that it is for the purpose of peace, he will agree. Langdon had a few ups and downs, and it was not a day or two for the relationship. He quickly settled the pope and asked him to agree to Pandouf that he would no longer send the pope's envoy to England. In 1221, Pandouf left England, and the Pope did not send a special envoy. Bishop Peter could not beat Hubert at the court, and was crushed by Langdon in the church. It coincided with the Crusaders' attack on Amita, the important town of the Saracens in Egypt, so he gladly accepted the appointment of Archbishop Amita and left England. Take office excitedly. Not wanting to go halfway, the Saracens had already counterattacked, expelled the Crusaders and retaken Amita. Bishop Peter reluctantly changed his way and turned to Spain for the time being and went on a pilgrimage to Compostela.
The power in England basically fell into the hands of Hubert. Marshall’s job was to restore government order in England, and Hubert needed to consolidate this order, and at the same time deal with foreigners who ran in by taking advantage of the chaos. This task is not easy.
First of all, William of Omer probably saw that the king was young and bullied, and continued to be his baron arrogantly, looting everywhere, not putting royal officials in his eyes, and even arresting an itinerant judge who went to investigate him. In the castle prison. Hubert assembled forces to deal with William. First, he asked the archbishop to excommunicate him to shock his morale. Second, he wanted to use force. William’s luck was not very good either. The Earl of Chester had just returned from the Crusades. He was still steaming with his spear. He was anxious to show his loyalty to the king. He naturally went out to deal with William first. Bend his knees to admit his mistake.
In April 1223, Pope Hornolius III issued a decree stating that although Henry III was still a minor, he could already be pro-government. But Hubert may feel that his task has not been completed, that the king's administration is too dangerous, and his own strength is already strong enough to slightly resist the pope. Randolph, Earl of Chester, William of Omer, and Falco, the mercenary leader brought in by John, formed an alliance against Hubert, and rioted until the king demanded the exile of the political judge. Henry III was very embarrassed. On the one hand, he was not ready to take office. If Hubert was expelled, he might not be able to hold the three brothers in front of him. In contrast, Hubert was more faithful and reliable. At this moment, Archbishop Langton once again came forward to mediate, and everyone was a little restful.
However, Falco's adventurer nature quickly broke out and openly challenged Hubert. However, since he had occupied a lot of land in Britain and had the army in his hands, it was estimated that sooner or later he would have to deal with him. King Henry's imperial conquest, Hubert went into battle together, besieged Bedford Castle, and after several months of fierce attack, broke through four lines of defense, forcing the guardian Falco's younger brother William to surrender. Falco was exiled and was not allowed to return to England. After the fall of Falco, the foreign forces introduced to England due to the rebellion gradually declined.
In the same year, King Philip II of France, the enemy of the Gorse dynasty, died, and Prince Louis ascended the throne for King Louis VIII. His hostility to England was no worse than that of his father. Yu Huai. Therefore, his goal was naturally aimed at Poitou, the last British territory on the mainland. Throughout 1224, Henry III heard the most reports that Louis was actively preparing for war and planning to attack Poitou. what to do? Naturally, we should raise funds to raise food and prepare for the war, but this money
is still too emperor
Although there is no executive committee of twenty-five barons, Magna Carta is still an overlord, and a glamorous wealthy overlord, Henry III wants to make money, he has to ask first.
Let us first look at the money collected after Henry III ascended the throne: in 1218, he received a shield money for the war; in 1220 the king was crowned again, and each knight received two shillings of carucage; In 1221, in order to deal with William Omer, each knight received ten shillings of shields; in 1223, Llewellyn, who conquered Wales, received two marks; and besieged Falco’s Bedford Castle and received two more. Mark; In addition, all the clergy in 1219 and all the people in 1223 each made a donation to the Crusaders.
All of the above may not be able to support an expedition to France, especially when the domestic situation has just stabilized and is waiting for prosperity, it is really difficult to levy taxes suddenly. Henry was unwilling to ruin all the wealth left by his ancestors in this way. His father had already been written in the annals of history under the name "Lost Land", and of course he himself did not want to end in the same way. The King and Hubert discussed repeatedly and decided to pick a good day when everyone was happy and ask for money. There would be nothing better than the celebration of Christmas all over the world.
In 1224, at the King’s Christmas party, the political judge Hubert de Boehler formally stated: Everyone, the French are about to fight again. Even if we do not attack, we must try our best to defend the territory, but there must be wars. Money, brother, I’m currently in short supply. Everyone is looking at the king’s face. It’s Christmas again. How can you give Christ a face?
The guests at the scene looked at each other. Today, the King’s Christmas party also has a fundraising function. What should I do? Someone in it was quick to react and replied on the spot: Since the king spoke, it is easy to talk about it. Could you please re-sign the Magna Carta with the king, so that it will save time and someone can't remember the terms.
In fact, after the Magna Carta was re-signed in 1217, in 1218 and 1223, the king reconfirmed it twice, but did not make any changes to the terms. This time, in order to deal with the French devils, he had to do it again.
In 1225, Henry III re-signed the Magna Carta. The terms were only slightly modified from the 1217 version. Hubert, the archbishops, and the nobles all came to sign, more or less because the pope has declared that the king can govern. Everyone I hope it will be binding on the king in the future. This Magna Carta is a good business. For this reason, all people in the upper and lower reaches of the country, both in the upper and lower circles, hand in one-fifteenth of the movable property. Prescribe the property evaluation method in advance, find twelve loyal and reliable people locally to jointly determine, and then turn it over to the national treasury. After some tossing, this new version of the document was exchanged for 86758 marks and 2 pence, which is a huge sum of money. In addition, the king borrowed a lot of money from the archbishop, and then lifted the Jews upside down and shook them a few times, squeezing out a lot of oil and water, and finally had a bottom line.
The power of precedent
Since the Magna Carta was issued, the most significant practice implemented has been nothing more than repeal and reissue. Perhaps we can speculate on how sincere John and the Baron were sincerely after engaging in the behavior, but if you look at the bigger picture, there is no bottom in the hearts of both Lenny Meaders. The barons lacked clear strategic intentions, and even they themselves did not necessarily believe that a committee of twenty-five members could actually be run, riding on the king’s head every day to dominate, even if Robert Fitz-Walter thought so, like William A loyal person like Albini will not give long-term support. And King John, the best thing is to break the contract. At that time, the situation was distressed, and it was impossible not to sign it. Maybe the king was willing to implement the Magna Carta afterwards, but as far as the relationship between the two parties is concerned, it is obviously impossible to reach trust on such a document. .
When the Magna Carta was signed, its fate was extremely unpredictable. Without further development and consolidation, it will only be a roll of parchment in the future. William Marshall’s work is mainly to consolidate the situation and stabilize the country’s political situation. He needs to unite all the forces that can be united. For him, re-signing the Magna Carta is a means to achieve this goal. He is a representative of a medieval traditional knight. Apart from loyalty and courage, there will not be much room left for concepts such as freedom, human rights, or even parliament.
The nobles are still worried. First of all, King John who signed the Magna Carta has passed away, and Henry III is not an adult. The two confirmations in 1216 and 1217 were stamped with the seals of the Regent William Marshall and the Pope’s special envoy; Secondly, if there is no baronial committee of 25 people, in fact, this kind of humiliating measure to the king would have been difficult to last. How to ensure the implementation of the Magna Carta? Therefore, in 1223, after Pope Hornoliu III declared that Henry could take charge of the government, in early 1224, the nobles once requested Henry III to re-sign the Magna Carta personally in order to relieve this concern.
In 1225, Henry III re-issued the Magna Carta. Although there were no changes in the content, it was a clear statement that the king recognized the rights of the nobles. At the same time, the entire situation and historical circumstances constitute a valuable precedent-the king Need money, so I consulted with the nobles, and the nobles asked the king to make a written guarantee, and the king did. This precedent means that Magna Carta has begun to enter our field of vision as a law with practical effects. Although this face is still very vague, perhaps everyone present at the time did not realize what it meant, but, The precedent is often to enter people's lives and history in a way of infiltration.
After Henry III took office, he did not show the royal demeanor of loyalty and trustworthiness. He was quite a father’s legacy. The first thing he did was to misinterpret Marshall’s “The King shall not grant a permanent annuity until he reaches adulthood” in order to protect his interests. According to the regulations, all documents issued before his adulthood, such as charters, writs, and deeds, must be re-signed. This re-signation resulted in 100,000 pounds. In 1237, the king fell into a financial crisis again. In order to collect a tribute, he once again negotiated with the nobles and renewed his promise to reform and protect the rights of his subjects. It may also be at this time that the king issued a "small charter," reiterating the main content of the Magna Carta and confirming the validity of the documents previously issued.
The hearts of the nobles are about to start playing drums again. At this moment, a young foreigner appeared, the sixth Earl of Leicester, the brother-in-law of the king, Simon de Monfort, who seemed to be an energetic adventurer, who seemed a little bit back then. Norman style.
The reign of Henry III was not smooth. Poitou, the last land on the mainland, finally fell after torturing struggles. Due to the French background of the queen mother and queen, the palace was full of foreigners and French sentiments, all of which let The British aristocracy was upset. In addition, the Pope regarded England as an automatic teller machine. As long as you enter a number, you can get cash. Henry has always been very compliant. In 1255, Pope Innocent IV wanted to give the Kingdom of Sicily to Henry’s second son Edmund. This was not a good deal, because the kingdom was actually in the hands of the Hohenstaufen royal family. The Pope had repeatedly failed to attack and accepted This land is nothing more than an expedition for the Pope, and the biggest problem is money. The king and the barons quarreled until 1264, the situation became more and more tense, and finally broke out the "second baron war" (against John is regarded as the first time), the leader of the baron was his brother-in-law Simon de Montfort .
History repeats itself. The barons rebelled again because of the king's raids and military operations abroad. Monfort summoned the council, and each county had to send two knights to participate, which was enough to make him go down in the annals of history. Although the barons ultimately failed and Monfort was defeated and killed, Henry III’s prince Edward has shown sufficient demeanor and he will be called the "Justinian of England" in the future, and it is also the foundation of the British parliamentary system. People, King Edward resigned the Magna Carta again in 1297.
Since then, all generations of monarchs have adopted Magna Carta as their standard, and this medieval document can be passed on continuously, on the one hand as an effective law, on the other as a symbol of freedom and rights. It is impossible for us to attribute the credit to the barons of Lannimede, or even to anyone, because this is not a process of human creation of law, but a process of the free growth of constitutional order. When we look back, we will find that this path is difficult and dangerous. It seems that taking a wrong step in any place will lead to total failure. However, it has come all the way, maybe this is history, which cannot be assumed, or the poet said. Good job: This land was chosen by the Lady Liberty, and with precedent after precedent, freedom slowly expanded to the lower level.
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