Let me make a statement first, this article is reproduced, thanks to the young doctor Xiao Shenyi for giving us these no-brained science popularization
Before I studied medicine, the mood when I first heard about the "kidney stealing" rumors: that called a shock, that called an anger, and that called a justice full.
Now, not only did I study medicine, but also plunged into the world of kidney transplantation, only to realize that stealing a kidney is actually not that easy.
Where do human kidneys grow?
If you want to steal the kidney, you don't know where the kidney is.
Under normal circumstances, everyone is born with two kidneys, commonly known as "yams." Put your two fists in the middle of your back and on the sides of the spine, which is the upper part of the waist. The fists are close to or pressed against the last rib, and the left fist is slightly higher than the right fist by one or two centimeters. Probably the location of the kidneys. The kidney is connected to the main blood vessels in the body through its own blood vessels, and is connected to the bladder through the "sewer."
The reason they are not symmetrical is because the right kidney is pressed by the liver, and people have to bow their heads under the eaves. Of course, under abnormal circumstances, a person can also be born with one kidney (the absence of a single kidney), multiple kidneys (duplicate kidneys or other), and two kidneys connected together (horseshoe kidney or other).
However, after birth, due to trauma, disease and other reasons, only one kidney is useful, and the kidney that has lost its function will eventually gradually shrink. These shrunken kidneys, in some serious cases, cannot be displayed by B-ultrasound, CT and other medical examinations. Therefore, it may also cause the illusion of "only one kidney".
Why can a person donate a kidney?
We can think of the kidney as a big factory with many workshops. These workshops are called nephrons in scientific name. A kidney has about 1 million nephrons. Generally speaking, people only need a quarter of the kidney function to meet basic urinary needs. In other words, if one side of the kidney is broken or cut off, as long as the other side is intact, it is enough to meet the needs of the human body. This is like a redundant company layoffs and closes half of its workshops, but the other half of the workshops can actually take on production tasks.
This factory setting gives a hope for living people to donate kidneys (living kidney transplantation). Because a normal person can survive without a kidney. It's like you were born with a spare tire, and you can lend a helping hand when others are in danger of having a flat tire.
Donate kidneys must also be eligible
Kidney donation is not like donation. You have to make it clear whether you are eligible. This "qualification" has multiple definitions and is indispensable:
1. Legal qualifications
According to my country's "Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation", organ donation from living persons is limited to spouses, direct blood relatives, collateral blood relatives within three generations, and people who have proven to be assisted by family affection.
2. Ethical approval
Maybe you will say: "The kidney is my own, I love to give it to whom!"
wrong! Kidney, it's not what you want to give, you can give it if you want! Once legal regulations and ethical approvals are missing, the sale of organs will take advantage of the huge potential benefits. Once this hole is opened, it will become extremely difficult to manage.
3. At the same time, it must be matched successfully
Just like changing the light bulb and scoring the bayonet and screw, kidney transplantation must also be matched. If the matching is not the same, no matter how good the kidney is, it will be in vain. So, does a person who is stunned and cut a kidney while walking on the street has a universal standard kidney?
If the difficulty of matching is passed smoothly, will it be able to change the kidney?
of course not.
4. And the kidney function is intact
The reason why you are given a spare kidney is just in case. If you already have kidney problems or there is a foreseeable risk of problems, then firstly, leave the spare tire to yourself, secondly, it is not ruled out that your spare tire is given to someone else, and the problem gradually arises in others. .
Therefore, before determining that a person can be a kidney donor, it is necessary to conduct a very detailed examination, especially for the function of the kidneys on both sides, and the potential risk of kidney disease (for example, diabetic patients may develop diabetic nephropathy, which is not suitable for kidney donors) Wait for evaluation, in short, the safety of the kidney donor is the most important.
How to get a kidney?
Kidney donation surgery, or nephrectomy, is not just like picking an apple by making a cut in the stomach. As mentioned earlier, the kidneys are connected to the large blood vessels in the stomach and the bladder. To remove them, you must cut off these connections and suture them carefully. Otherwise, bleeding or leaking urine will be troublesome, and it will be fatal in severe cases.
This process can be open surgery or laparoscopic surgery. Laparotomy is a direct manual operation, while laparoscopy uses high-tech equipment. No matter which kind, we all have to know that the kidney is said to grow in the stomach, but it is not in the peritoneal cavity, that is, in the strict sense, we do not say that it grows in the abdominal cavity. Therefore, opening the stomach and pulling open the intestines to cut the kidneys will increase the difficulty of the operation. At the same time, the incision of the abdomen surgery will choose a place closer to the kidney instead of making an incision from the front of the stomach. Therefore, if a kidney is cut during abdominal surgery, under normal circumstances no doctor is willing.
Is kidney transplantation done once and for all?
Some people think that kidney transplantation is just an operation. Wrong, this is not the same as cutting a double eyelid. Because there are foreign things in the body, even if the matching is perfect, there is the possibility of rejection.
"Rejection" is like the human body dealing with bacteria. After recognizing a foreign object, it must find ways to get rid of it.
Therefore, after a kidney transplant, the patient has to take anti-rejection drugs for life. Because of the immunosuppressive effect of anti-rejection drugs, the incidence of infections and tumors is higher than that of ordinary people. Therefore, regular follow-up visits and daily life are also a little more specific.
For kidney donors, after all, there is only one kidney left. Physical examination is more important than ordinary people. Routine examinations every week, every month to every year after surgery are necessary.
Will my kidney be stolen if I go to the hospital for surgery?
What is the use of an unfit kidney? No one will accept a kidney that is not suitable for him or even of unknown origin, not to mention that his conscience will not survive, and the potential risks are hard to estimate.
Some people say, can't it be preserved? can. However, with current technology, kidneys whose "cold ischemia time" exceeds 12-24 hours cannot be used, and it is easy to find a matching kidney within 12-24 hours, who needs a kidney transplant, and is willing to take advantage of a kidney of unknown origin. ?
A doctor takes the life of a patient and takes risks in his own career. Even if there is such a doctor, he is extremely stupid.
Moreover, there are all kinds of medical workers in the operating room performing their duties. If you want to steal the kidney, you almost need to buy everyone. Moreover, what if someone suddenly comes to borrow something, come in to check the progress, and come in to observe the "uninvited guest", can they still buy it all?
The most important point is that in the current standardized process, routine examinations will be carried out before and after surgery, and medical record data will also be retained. If you have an appendix cut, the preoperative examination report says that "both kidneys are not special." It becomes "the lack of a single kidney." Even if you don't need science, you know that there is a problem.
Therefore, as long as you go to a regular hospital for regular treatment, you don't need to worry about your kidney being "stolen".
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The above article was originally called "How difficult is it for a doctor to steal a kidney". The probability of stealing a kidney from a professional like a doctor is 0. Then imagine that in a horror movie, such as this movie, such as the horror train, the human skin hotel, etc. Anyone who digs the kidneys and cuts the heart for organ transplantation can be passed by with a smile.
I just come to popular science, hope horror film fans will not give up the pursuit of plasma because of this article:|)
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