The historical background of the film-Giuseppe Garibaldi

Janiya 2022-01-12 08:01:35

You need to know a little bit of Italian history to watch this film.

Early adventures
At 6 pm on July 4, 1807, Giuseppe Garibaldi was born in the ancient city of Nice in the Kingdom of Sardinia. His father Giovanni Garibaldi was a captain, and his mother Rosa Raimondi was ordinary. resident. Although the young Garibaldi was not well-off, he was diligent and studious, loved Roman history, and liked adventure and hunting. Starting in 1821, he worked as an intern on the Russian two-masted sailing ship "Constantia" and traveled more than half of Europe. His thoughts were influenced by the Italian revolutionary Ed Aldo Mutlu, and he wanted to take his motherland from Austria. Liberated in the hands. Garibaldi joined the Italian navy and was preparing to organize an uprising, but was cracked by the Austrian governor of Savona, and Garibaldi was forced to take refuge in South America.
In 1835, Garibaldi arrived in Brazil, where Italian immigrants welcomed him as a hero. It was here that Garibaldi accumulated a wealth of military experience. At that time, Brazil was in power by a priest named Diego Antonio Feyue. Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, covering an area of ​​approximately 280,000 square kilometers. It has a large number of immigrants, a relatively developed economy, and has always had a tendency to separate. Garibaldi arrived in Brazil at a time when the state declared independence under the leadership of big landlord Bendo Concaves Silva Pinto on the grounds of anti-dictatorship.
Concaves’ think tank was the Italian Revolutionary Tito Zambecari, and Garibaldi regarded this struggle as a just cause and gave his enthusiastic support. He commanded the "Mazzini" gunboat to serve the insurgents and later took over a stronghold on Lake Patos. On April 17, 1839, Garibaldi led 14 soldiers here to repel 10 times the enemy's offensive, winning huge popularity. A series of victories caused Concavez to overestimate his own strength, and launched an expedition to Catalina, which undermined the power of the Republic. Four years later, Concavez was captured by a Brazilian cavalry, and Garibaldi was forced to go into exile in Uruguay.
Italian Legion
Uruguay and Argentina were at war in 1841. On February 16, 1843, the Argentine army surrounded Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay. There were only more than 42,000 inhabitants in the city, most of whom were European immigrants, and about 4,200 Italians. Due to rumors that the Argentine army will kill all the residents of the city, the nationals of all countries are armed for self-defense.
On April 1, the French Volunteer Army was first established, and the Italians did not show weakness. They established a 700-member Volunteer Corps under the command of David Vacarezza, with 4 divisions. Garibaldi was also one of the founders. At first, the Italian army did not perform well, and the Montevideo authorities had to ask Garibaldi to come out and command the army. After Garibaldi took office, he completely reorganized the legion, redesigned the black military flag and embroidered the erupting volcano Vesuvius to inspire the soldiers' determination to fight for freedom. The Legion did not have a uniform uniform, so it had to get a butcher's uniform from a meat processing factory. Garibaldi hated the red uniform at first, but soon fell in love with it. "The crimson shirt is paired with a brightly colored one. His little scarf looks very chic." The local residents affectionately called the Italian Army the "Red Shirt Army", which is the embryonic form of the Italian Red Shirt Army, the justice division of Megatron Europe.
The situation was grim, the siege of the Albanian army became tighter and tighter, and the Italian army counterattacked and occupied the city of Salto in the upper reaches of the Paraná River. The Argentine dictator Rosas was furious, and on September 20, the general Urguiza led an army of 3,000 men to immediately retake the city. For three consecutive days, Urguiza violently attacked Salto, but could not succeed at a heavy price. Garibaldi continued to send troops to attack, and the exhausted Urguiza had to retreat. On February 7, 1846, the two sides fought another battle in San Antonio. At that time, the Republic sent 500 cavalry troops from General Anacleto Medina to reinforce Salto. Garibaldi led a company of infantry (186 men) and a company of cavalry (100 men) to San Antonio, 7 miles from the city, to meet him. Unexpectedly, the news leaked and was surrounded by the Albanian army. Garibaldi was calm and composed and ordered the Italian army to hide in the ruins.
Argentine Colonel Gomez was ordered to capture Garibaldi alive. He put in 1,500 cavalry and 300 infantry in the front, but the terrain was favorable to the Italians, and the Argentine soldiers standing upright in the wilderness became a living target. Garibaldi led the Italian Legion to kill countless enemies from the bloody morning to the evening in the absence of water and food. Because of the lack of water, the wounds of the wounded did not even bleed, but no one surrendered or fled. This once ridiculous army has been trained by Garibaldi as a brave and good fighting force. After dark, the Italian Legion broke through, merged with Medina's cavalry and returned to the city triumphantly. The hapless Gomez had no choice but to slip away at night.
Returning to the Apennines
Garibaldi has repeatedly made military exploits, but the struggle for power has left him frustrated. Medina was jealous of his credit and went against him everywhere. Garibaldi focused on the overall situation and repeatedly tolerated retreat, but for the sake of the future of the legion, he had to start thinking about a way out. At that time, the local revolution in Italy was like a raging fire, and the feudal kingdoms of the separatism also realized that unification was the general trend. Various political forces joined together. Taking the opportunity of the new Pope's ascension to the throne, the revolutionary movement was surging. In this case, Garibaldi decided to lead the Italian army back home.
On April 15, 1847, Garibaldi led 63 volunteers aboard the 193-ton "Hope" and returned to the motherland after 12 years. Due to lack of ships, other soldiers could only set off later. On June 21, the "Hope" arrived in Nice, and Garibaldi was warmly welcomed by the people of his hometown. At that time, the king of Sardinia Carlo Alberto declared war on Austria. The Austrian army caught off guard was divided and surrounded in several fortresses including Mantua, Verona, Legnago and Pescara. The situation of the revolution was very good. Garibaldi, who lacked political experience, mistakenly believed that Alberto was a real revolutionist, so he swore allegiance to him and recruited volunteers to form a 1,000-man army with legionaries as the backbone.
Soon, Garibaldi set off for Milan and retreated along the way. By Manza, the team had expanded to 3,700. At this time, the Austrian army, commanded by a generation of famous generals, Marshal Radecki, regardless of the length of the front, launched a desperate attack on Milan, this kind of adventurous tactics actually received miraculous results. Milan was easily captured by the Austrian army. Alberto, who had no determination to fight, panicked and begged the Austrian army to surrender in secret. The news came that the volunteers were shaken. Some people became deserters, but Garibaldi was still very high-spirited and rejected Mazzini's request to retreat to Switzerland and decided to start a guerrilla war. On August 15, Garibaldi led the remaining 1,000 people to Luino on the Italian-Swiss border, and annihilated an Austrian hunting battalion in a surprise attack, capturing 400 enemies.
In the opinion of Marshal Radtzky, Garibaldi was nothing more than a pirate and counterfeit general in South America. But the guerrilla warfare quickly caused the famous marshal's headache, so that he had to transfer 6 brigades from the 2nd Army and the Southern Front with 19,000 troops under the command of Daspley to encircle Garibaldi. The situation of the Volunteer Army is getting worse and worse as the enemy is crushing the country. On the afternoon of August 26, the Volunteer Army, with only about 800 people left, was surrounded by 5000 Austrians in the village of Morazzone on the border of Switzerland. After Garibaldi personally broke off, he led the volunteers to fight and retreat. There were only 30 people left when they came to Año in Switzerland. The first war of independence in the
Roman Republic
ended in failure, which aroused the rising revolutionary enthusiasm of the Italian people. In 1848, the Roman people rebelled and overthrew the rule of Pope Pius IX. The Roman Republic was amidst the salute. Announced birth.
Pope Pius IX asked for help from European Catholic countries. Representatives from France, Austria, Spain and other countries gathered in Gaeta, Spain, and formulated a plan for armed intervention in the Roman Republic. In April, 9,000 French troops led by Udino landed in Civitavecchia and marched towards Rome. The Austrians invaded and occupied Bologna. The Spanish troops approached south of Rome. The two Kingdoms of Sicily (also known as the Kingdom of Naples) also moved towards Rome. Push forward, and the reaction force has formed a trend of encirclement.
At that time, the Roman Republic had an army of 9,000 men, including the National Guard, veterans of the War of Independence and a Lombard light infantry, which was weak. At a critical moment, Garibaldi came from the south for reinforcements. The main enemy of the Republic is the French army. On April 30, 1849, Udino, known as the "Sapling of France's No. 1 Marshal," led 5000 French troops to the gate of Pertusa in the northwest of Rome, hoping to win a blow. It was Garibaldi who was defending there. Although there were only 2,500 men, Garibaldi deployed cleverly, occupying strongholds such as Villa Four Winds and Villa Pamphili with infantry. Artillery controlled the Gianicolo Heights to form a defense in depth. The French attack on several gates of the city of Rome was quickly repelled. The inexperienced Roman student army mistakenly believed that the enemy had retreated and started pursuing it. As a result, it was dispersed by the 20th Regiment of the French Army. Udino took the opportunity to occupy the two villas. In a critical moment, Garibaldi led the reserve team and the Lombard infantry to counterattack, and the French army fled in embarrassment. Udino was forced to withdraw to Civitavecchia and left 400 wounded.
As soon as the French army retreated, the two Sicilian kings Ferdinand II led an army of 12,000 men from the Albano Mountains in the south. The government of the Republic rushed Garibaldi to counterattack, and despite fatigue, the brave Italian legion quickly moved south of Rome overnight. In order to confuse the enemy spies who have entered the city, Garibaldi cleverly conceals a trick. First, he chose the starting point in Piazza del Popolo, making the enemy mistakenly believe that they were an expeditionary French army; secondly, Garibaldi led his troops forward, constantly changing the direction of the march. When approaching the enemy, Garibaldi sent two cavalry companies to occupy the commanding heights. Under the fierce charging of the Republican soldiers, the enemy was in chaos and fled without firing a few shots. Garibaldi made a decisive decision and dispatched a battalion reserve to charge with bayonets across the board, chasing and fleeing the enemy. The battle ended in less than 3 hours, and all 6,000 enemy troops were defeated.
Although Garibaldi won the battle, the leadership of the Republic was very suspicious of him, and Verroselli was the commander of the Roman city defense. The latter was a military mediocrity and intervened in Garibaldi's correct command everywhere. A week later, the Naples army made a comeback. This time the enemy army was composed of 20,000 people and 30 cannons, occupying strategic locations such as Velletri, Albano, and Palestri. The left wing relied on the sea, and the right wing leaned against the Apennines. It controlled the valleys that lead to Rome and had advantages in terms of force, equipment, and terrain. On May 16, Rosselli gathered 8,000 of the main forces of the Republic to fight the Naples army. However, the cunning enemy took the initiative to abandon the position and contracted towards Velletri. Although Garibaldi once again used his military genius, the 1,500-man commando eliminated the enemy cavalry and inflicted heavy damage on the enemy, but the incompetent Rosselli prevented the artillery from entering the battle in time, and only fought a rout.
Farewell to the Republic
Because of the successive victories of the Republic, the rulers including Mazzini overestimated their own power and were keen on peace talks with the French army in an attempt to surrender the soldiers without a fight. Rosselli also believes that Udino is just a third-rate general, and believes that he dare not destroy the cultural relics of Rome. He also used the absurd method of drawing lots to decide to deploy the defense. He artificially divided the armed forces of the Republic into three divisions, standing alone in unconnected urban areas. The troops did not rush to build fortifications, and there was singing and dancing everywhere, and Garibaldi was ignored. The correct opinion. On the other hand, the French army, Louis Bonaparte, who just came to power, sent a large number of reinforcements to Udino. He also brought heavy weapons. The total force of the French army soared from 9,000 to 30,000. General Wayan, who was proficient in engineering operations, also Coming to the front to assist Udino, the enemy and our forces are seriously out of balance.
On the night of June 3, the French army launched a full-scale offensive perfidiously. That night, they took the Four Winds Villa and Villa Pamphili, which were originally impenetrable. 400 guards died or were injured, Rosselli took the blame and resigned, and the Republic was in a precarious state. At a critical juncture, Garibaldi, who was ill, took over military command again regardless of personal grievances. At 5 o'clock in the morning, the St. Peter's Square in Rome was awe-inspiring. Amidst the rumbling drums of war, the battle-tested Italian legions lined up in neat rows, waiting for Garibaldi's order. This is an unfair competition. 3000 Italian soldiers have to face 20000 well-equipped French troops. The sick Garibaldi took the lead, and the slogan "Long live the Republic" resounded through the sky, and the Italian Legion launched an overwhelming counterattack. At 7:30, the two villas returned to the hands of the Republic, and the French army was killed and desperate. Garibaldi's red cloak appeared there, and the French army looked forward to fleeing. Udino and Wayan were anxiously red eyes, and they fought over the troops repeatedly. The villa was full of dead bodies, and the French army even used bloody bodies to build fortifications. At a critical moment, the reinforcements of the Lombard light infantry were unreasonably detained by Rosselli for two hours, resulting in the loss of two villas.
More and more French troops entered the battle, and the two columns broke through the gates of Villa Spada and San Pancracio, and the battle became hopeless. Many leaders of the Republic are busy seeking asylum in British and American embassies. On July 3, the French army occupied most of Rome, and the Republic was dead. But Garibaldi did not give up. He gathered the remaining approximately 6,000 soldiers in Piazza Laterano, preparing to pull the team to Umbria and Tuscany in the Apennines to fight guerrillas. Udino sent 7 battalions and 4 cavalry units of the French 1st Division to pursue Garibaldi, hoping to seize this "France's most ferocious enemy", and other reactionary armies also surrounded him. In order to deal with Garibaldi, 40,000 French troops, 20,000 Naples troops, 9,000 Spanish troops, 15,000 Austrian troops and 2,000 Tuscan troops were used. Garibaldi fought and retreated and dealt with the enemy, but the situation got worse and the team was eventually broken up. Garibaldi's beloved wife Anida also died of illness, and he had to go into exile in America for the second time.
Fight again with Apennines
On June 26, Garibaldi arrived in New York by boat and was warmly welcomed by Italian immigrants. During his exile, Garibaldi still followed his motherland. From the autumn of 1852 to February 1853, the Italian Revolutionary Party planned a series of armed uprisings. Due to the wrong line and inadequate strategy, the uprising all ended in failure, a large number of people with lofty ideals were arrested and killed, and the prestige of the main leader of the party, Giuseppe Mazzini, was fatally hit. Facts have proved that the Revolutionary Party alone is unable to lead the great cause of Italy's revival to victory.
In Italy in the mid-nineteenth century, Sardinia was the only independent constitutional monarchy, and it became an area where bourgeois liberals concentrated. Camilo Cavour, who became prime minister in 1852, carried out effective reforms. Therefore, with the Kingdom of Sardinia as the core and the top-down dynastic war as the main route, it became the only choice for the successful unification of Italy. On July 21, 1858, Cavour and Emperor Napoleon III met in Plombier, a small town in southern France. The two sides agreed: France sent troops to help the Kingdom of Evacuation to drive Austria out of Lombardy and Venice, and Sardinia would take Nice And the Savoy region was ceded to France.
On May 7, 1854, Garibaldi returned to Genoa and accepted the order of King Vittorio Emanuele of Sardinia to form an elite force-the "Alpine Hunting Corps". In May 1859, the Second War of Independence broke out in Italy. France and Sardinia jointly launched a war against Austria. Garibaldi led a hunting regiment to go deep behind the enemy, winning even battles and successfully cooperating with the front battlefield. The Austrian command was deeply shocked and had to draw out the Ruprecht Brigade, which was reinforced with artillery and cavalry, from the 2nd Army to deal with him. On May 26, on the road from Varese to Como, the hunting regiment defeated the Austrian Ruprecht Brigade after a short and fierce battle. The Austrian Army Command sent a brave general, Baron Karl Urban, led more than 6,000 people to defend Como, but Garibaldi’s 3,000-person hunting regiment slammed into it and attacked Como and Urban in just one morning. The remnants have been defeated until Manzah can stabilize their position.
Garibaldi made full use of the impact of the victory and pushed forward in a big way. He sent cavalry to reconnaissance along the way. At one time, he came to the city of Brexia. It is rumored that he has 20,000 soldiers under his command and is about to attack the Austrian army headquarters in Ronato. , The Austrian army deployed in chaos for a while. On the frontal battlefield, the Allied Forces of the Fassa also won bloody battles in Magenta and Solferino, which aroused patriotic enthusiasm throughout Italy, and there were uprisings in various places. However, Napoleon III sent troops to help Sardinia, not for the unification of Italy. Therefore, when he saw that the Italian revolution was difficult to control, he signed the "Villafranca" agreement with Austria on his back, stipulating Austria. Ceded Lombardy to France, and then transferred from France to Sardinia, but Austria still retains Venice. Sardinia had to accept the agreement, and the Second War of Independence ended.
Although the war was abandoned halfway, the Kingdom of Sardinia took back Lombardy after all, and a crucial step for the unification of Italy has been taken. In April 1860, Italy's most stubborn feudal fortress, the Kingdom of Two Sicily, also showed signs of revolution, bringing the reunification movement to its climax. Garibaldi decided to organize a volunteer army to support the local people and completely destroy the feudal rule. This is the famous "Army of Thousands" (also known as the "Red Shirt Army") in history.
The Thousand Army Expedition
Because of Garibaldi’s reputation, the Kingdom of Sardinia did not stop the expedition. Cavour also believed that the expedition would help increase diplomatic bargaining chips, but in order not to cause trouble, he ordered that the volunteers not be issued weapons. These constraints are naturally difficult for Garibaldi. He led more than 1,000 fighters and set off without hesitation to complete what Cavour considers to be "the cause of a madman."
The two kingdoms of Sicily are the oldest and largest kingdoms in Italy, with a population of 9 million. The capital is Naples. The domestic politics is corrupt and the people don’t have a living. King Francesco II is incompetent, but has an army of 100,000 people. In Sicily alone, there are 3 divisions with 25,000 men and 64 cannons. Judging from the numbers alone, Garibaldi seems to be hitting the stone with a pebble, and all he depends on is high morale and clever command. On May 10, Garibaldi led 1,089 people to land in Marsala, southern Sicily. He wisely decided not to stay, but to head towards the capital Palermo with cavalry and elite Genoese gendarmerie.
Landi, the commander of the island guard of the Kingdom of Sicily, hurriedly ordered Captain Sforza to lead the 8th Jager Battalion with 1,800 men and guard Pianto Romano Mountain to block the advance of the volunteers. The terrain was very favorable for the defenders, and Garibaldi had to take the lead and repeatedly compete with the enemy. His famous "red cloak" became a living target of the enemy. Volunteer soldier Antonio Elia used his body to block the bullet that was directed at him, and Garibaldi survived. After a fierce contest, Sforza lost back to Palermo. The Sicilians warmly welcomed the volunteers, and Garibaldi’s team expanded every minute. Francesco II urgently sent General Alessandro Nunziante to help, increasing the Sicilian garrison to 21,000. The latter ordered the Swiss Colonel von Miguel to lead 3,000 soldiers to Monrea. Lai, joined up with Colonel Bonnano’s three battalions of soldiers, and flanked Garibaldi back and forth. In a critical situation, Garibaldi cleverly tried to attack the west, leaving the two enemies behind, and the army went straight to Palermo. Nunziante and Randy did not expect Garibaldi to have this move, so they had to order von Miguel and Bonnano to return and urge the troops to defend themselves. However, a major uprising broke out in Palermo, and the defenders were troubled internally and externally. . Randy's will also collapsed. He didn't want to fight again, and finally signed the surrender.
In the next few days, no major war broke out, and both the enemy and the enemy were accumulating strength. The Kingdom of Two Sicily still has 18,000 people under the command of Marshal Clery in Messina, and some fortresses are controlled by them, so naturally they will not fail lightly. On July 20, Clary ordered Captain Bosco to lead 3,000 people to conduct a power search to test Garibaldi's strength. Bosco used the Milazzo Fortress as a support point to occupy the outpost of the Volunteers in the village of Alki, and attacked the village of Coriolo. The main volunteers arrived and saved the village of Coriolo, and then under the command of Garibaldi, they regained the village of Alki in one fell swoop. Riding the victory straight to the fortress of Milazzo, the defeated enemy dropped two artillery pieces. Bosco sent cavalry to rush out of the fortress in an attempt to retake the artillery, but was thwarted by the volunteers who had been ambushing in advance. The captain of the enemy cavalry battalion Giuliani was also shot dead by Garibaldi himself.
Although Bosco did not admit defeat, as Cosenz led 5,000 volunteers to reinforce Garibaldi, he had to reluctantly withdraw to Messina. The frustrated Marshal Clary saw that the overall situation was about to turn, so he had to ask the king to allow him to give up Sicily.
Battle of Voltuno
The situation developed quickly. With the withdrawal of the kingdom's army from Sicily, Garibaldi began planning to march into Naples and completely overthrow the rule of Francesco II. On the night of August 18th, Garibaldi led 3,600 people to land in the port of Salvo, Italy, and attacked the tightly guarded Fortress of Reggio by night and captured Gallotti. General Batista Vial, stationed in Calabria, hurriedly ordered Melendez and Brigandi to divide 1,200 and 2,500 to resist, but the two generals were as timid as a rat and shrank. , But surrounded by Garibaldi division. Vial himself was heavily armed but did not dare to support him. Instead, he took a company of soldiers and fled back to Naples. With fearless courage, Garibaldi surrendered to the enemy camp alone. The enemy officers and soldiers responded and killed General Brigandi who refused to surrender.
In less than 12 days, Garibaldi occupied a large area of ​​the two kingdoms of Sicily. Most of the kingdom's army descended without a fight, and the victory shocked Europe. On September 5, Francesco II and the Queen were forced to leave Naples and take a boat to Gaeta. At the same time, they ordered the remaining main force to deploy defenses along the Voltuno River for the final resistance. At first, Garibaldi thought that the morale of the enemy troops was depleted and was vulnerable. However, when he arrived at the Voltuno River, he discovered that the enemy had a strong army, and after the army had cleared out useless waste, the rest were elites loyal to the king. On September 21, the kingdom's army launched a sneak attack while Garibaldi left the front line, regaining the strategic location of Kajazo, killing more than 250 volunteers, and boosting morale. Francesco II ordered to take advantage of the momentum to retake Naples.
Both sides of the Voltuno River have always been a battleground for military strategists. The plains are often shrouded in fog. Along the Tifata Mountain, there are strongholds such as Capua and Caserta. The front line is 65 kilometers wide and there are railways passing by. The Kingdom’s army has concentrated all the main forces of 28,000 people, divided into two groups, led by two generals, Rivera and Tabaki. After preparing to recapture Caserta, he will pounce on Naples with all his strength. Garibaldi also has 20,000 troops, but the composition is very complicated, and some troops do not fully obey orders. Due to the long battle lines, Garibaldi was forced to divide his forces. He deployed 5650 troops in the right-wing Ponti Valley, about 3000 troops in the left-wing Santa Maria and Capua, and 4000 troops in the Church of Sant Angelo. Watch the direction of Caserta with 1,800 people. Garibaldi set up the headquarters in San Leuzio, personally controlled the 5,600-man reserve team, and at the same time controlled the local railway station in order to maneuver the troops.
Just after midnight on September 30, the kingdom's army attacked from Kapuya City in the thick of fog. In the main direction of the attack, Santa Maria and San Angelo, invested 20,000 troops, including 3,200 cavalry and 56 artillery. In addition, the Swiss colonel von Miguel led 8,000 men to attack the right-wing Punty Valley. As the enemy has several times the numerical advantage, San Angelo is very tight. The enemy had opened several gaps in the defense line. Garibaldi used the railroad to transport the wounded away and transferred new troops in time. He led the Spangaro Brigade to carry out a counterattack, and ordered 3,000 reserve troops to brave the enemy's machine gun fire by taking a train to quickly maneuver to the enemy's side. The Milano Brigade and two Hungarian cavalry battalions also joined the battle. After 10 hours of fierce fighting, the enemy was exhausted, and the two columns of Rivera and Tabaki retreated at the same time, and they withdrew to the Kapuya Fortress in embarrassment.
On the right, von Miguel's progress is not going well. He assigned 5,000 soldiers to the Old City of Caserta led by General Ruiz, and headed 3,000 mercenaries towards the Ponti Valley. In this way, his quantitative advantage is gone. Although the mercenaries were well-trained, the volunteers withstood his attack. First the Eberhardt Brigade was defeated and then von Miguel retreated to Duncheta. Unlucky Ruiz didn’t know that the situation had changed, and still executed the order mechanically. It took him 4 hours to take down an abandoned castle guarded by 280 volunteers, then rushed into the old city of Caserta and burned. It is a pity that the battle on the main battlefield has ended at this time. Garibaldi led left-wing troops and 2 Sardinian light infantry battalions to surround them. After a brief confrontation, Ruiz led his troops to put down their weapons. The Battle of Voltuno River was a very cruel battle. The Kingdom’s army suffered 3,420 casualties, and the Volunteers suffered 1,850 casualties.
After the Battle of Voltuno, Francesco II's last hope of keeping the throne also vanished. On November 7, King Vittorio Emmanuele of Sardinia, accompanied by Garibaldi, entered Naples. In order to win over Garibaldi, the king appointed his son Ricciotti as his former adjutant, and gave him a villa and a motorboat. But Garibaldi said it well: I fought in the south, not for fame or personal gain. On March 14, 1861, Vittorio Emmanuele was officially crowned King of Italy.
At that time, Garibaldi actively planned to march toward Rome and the Papal States, but his patriotic enthusiasm was incompatible with the government, and the contradictions between the two sides intensified. Garibaldi overcome all difficulties and once again organized a volunteer army to prepare to conquer Rome, so that Emperor Napoleon III did not hesitate to threaten with war. The Italian government succumbed to external pressure and prepared to resolve Garibaldi by force. On August 28, Garibaldi was suddenly surrounded by Sardinian troops while camping in the highlands near Rezo. Garibaldi had no intention of fighting in the same room. He came to the position alone and waved his hat and shouted: "Don't shoot, long live the unity of Italy!" The disciplined volunteers failed to fire a single shot, but the Sardinian army fired a stray bullet. Garibaldi's ankle, he himself was captured immediately.
After marching into Austria, the
Italian government captured Garibaldi, but because he could not be tried, he had to announce an amnesty on October 5. Afterwards, Garibaldi roamed all over Italy and was warmly welcomed by the people. After the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy, it has been trying to capture Venice. In April 1866, Prussia and Austria had a sharp conflict for the German leadership, which gave Italy a chance. The Austro-Prussian War broke out in June 1866, Italy took the opportunity to declare war on Austria, and the Third War of Independence broke out. On June 24, the Austrian and Italian armies engaged in a large-scale battle in Custoza. The Italian army was forced to withdraw to the Mincho River due to poor command.
"Country breaks thinking of the good general", at the critical moment of the life and death of the kingdom of Italy, Garibaldi was once again in danger and formed a volunteer army with 38,000 men, 200 horses and 24 artillery on the island of Caprera. The headquarters is located in Bure. Xiacheng. Garibaldi’s plan was to move towards Trentino, occupy the Midcaria Valley in the Alps, and lead the war to enemy-occupied areas. But this task is not simple. The powerful Austrian general Franz Kuhn von Künefeld has 17,000 soldiers, including 3,000 elite Tyrolean mountain infantry. The task is to stop Garibaldi.
On June 25th, the Volunteer Army attacked Suelo Mountain after a fierce battle. On July 7, Garibaldi defeated the Austrian army again in Rodrone, but Kuhn received reinforcements from 2 artillery units and 6 infantry companies, and besieged the Volunteer Nicotella Brigade in the Condino area. Garibaldi led the 9th Regiment to counterattack, and ordered the 7th Regiment to turn around to the enemy's side. Both sides suffered heavy losses, but Kuhn's will was shaken, and the Austrian army retreated across the board. On July 20, Kuhn received reinforcements from two battalions of infantry, one artillery and one cavalry. He made a comeback and attacked Garibaldi’s left flank with 6,000 men and 4,500 on the right flank in an attempt to capture the strategically important Riva in one fell swoop. The Austrians attacked fiercely and annihilated the Volunteer’s Camp Chiassi, and captured Bezeka, approaching the Volunteer’s headquarters in Storo. Garibaldi led the command staff to resist strongly and ordered the 9th Regiment to squeeze the enemy, and the Austrian army was defeated again. Volunteers were ready to take advantage of the victory to capture the fortress of Lardaro and enter Tyrol, but at this moment, news of the armistice came.
Due to pressure from Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck, the Italian government forced Garibaldi to withdraw from South Tyrol. After the Austrian-Italian War ended in failure, Garibaldi still ran for the liberation of Rome. In October 1866, he led a newly formed volunteer army to defeat a pope's army and captured the fortress of Monterotondo. Emperor Napoleon III sent nearly ten thousand French troops to land in Civitavecchia and stationed in Rome on October 26. On November 3, when Garibaldi led 4,000 volunteers into Mentana, he was blocked by 3,500 French and 3,000 Papal troops. Because the French army was equipped with a new-style Shasbo rifle, Garibaldi’s army was severely damaged and the advance to Rome was blocked.
In July 1870, when the Franco-Prussian War broke out, Napoleon III was forced to withdraw the French troops stationed in Rome. On September 2, the French army was defeated in Sedan, and Napoleon III became a prisoner. The Italian government no longer worried about French interference, so it sent 60,000 troops day and night, strictly ordering to seize Rome before Garibaldi. On September 20th, Sardinian government forces and Garibaldi moved into the historic city of Rome at the same time. Pope Pius IX ordered the army to stop resistance, give up secular power, and take refuge in the Vatican. At this point, the great cause of Italian reunification has finally been completed.
Battle of the Vosges
After the unification of Italy, the government and people began to pay close attention to the latest developments in the Franco-Prussian War with an uneasy mood. At that time, the Italian leftist parties were on the Prussia side, and the right parties were on the French side. Everyone knows that Garibaldi admires Bismarck very much, and has been fighting with the French for a long time, so many people infer that he will take the opportunity to fight France, and even lead the volunteers to take Nice. However, Garibaldi's decision was beyond everyone's expectations. He decided to rush to France to help this former opponent fight against the emerging Prussia. In Garibaldi's view, Napoleon III has fallen, and it is time to assist the French Republic to maintain its independence.
Garibaldi used the Italian Volunteer Army as the prototype to form 4 brigades with approximately 8,000 troops. Deployed near the Vosges Mountains in southern France, so it is also called the "Legis de Vosges". Garibaldi knew very well that Paris was surrounded by the Prussian army. Victory on individual battlefields could not change the outcome of the entire war, but he knew that he couldn't do it. This was his personality. The 14th Army of Prussian General von Wilde was one of the elite of the Prussian army and was ordered to sweep the Upper Alsace region. In Wilde's view, the French resistance was almost negligible. However, after Garibaldi's Vosges Corps arrived, the general realized that the real battle had not yet begun.
French generals Cambres and Laval refused to cooperate with Garibaldi on the pretext of defending Lyon and retreating back. In fact, the Prussian army had no intention of attacking Lyon. Garibaldi was full of spirits and led 6,000 Italian volunteers to Orton alone. On November 25, a brigade of the Volunteer Army severely damaged a Prussian army northwest of Dijon, killing more than 300 people. Wilde reacted quickly, searching and advancing in the direction of Chaumont with the 4th Division of the Reserve. The French army was keen to encircle Dijon, which was occupied by the Prussian army, but was instead fooled. The 7th, 14th, and 2nd Army of the Prussian Army combined to form the Southern Army Corps, commanded by General Mandofil, and carried out an anti-siege against the French Army. The French army retreated in embarrassment, and Garibaldi took advantage of the emptiness to occupy Dijon, which was abandoned by the Prussian army.
The prestigious Prussian army will naturally not tolerate the Italians taking the honor away. Wilde ordered the Cutler Brigade of the 61st Pomeranian Infantry Division (6000 men, 260 horses and 12 artillery) to immediately recapture Dijon. The Prussian army is indeed a strong force only seen in Europe. The soldiers took unhurried steps and pressed toward the volunteers' positions like a dark cloud. They were calm even in the artillery fire. No wonder the French army has been fighting for a long time. Nor is it its opponent. It is a pity that this time the Prussian candidate has chosen the wrong opponent. In January 1871, the Prussian army continuously attacked Dijon, but it was still unable to succeed. The Pomeranian 61st Pomeranian Infantry Division broke into the city, but was completely annihilated, and lost the Prussian army in France during the Franco-Prussian War. The only military flag.
The outstanding performance of the Italian Volunteers shocked Europe. Bismarck gritted his teeth and said: "Garibaldi must be caught for me, and I will let him parade in Berlin!" On January 28, Prussia and the French Provisional Government signed an armistice agreement, but this agreement does not include Dijon's presence. Inside. The Prussian army is still gathering troops in the area to fight Garibaldi. On January 31, Garibaldi calmly loaded personnel and supplies on the train and evacuated into the armistice zone. Prussian General Wilde admitted afterwards: "If all the French troops were under Garibaldi's command, then in the 1870 war, the flag captured would probably be more than one side." Great writer Victor Hugo also said: "I I don’t want to speak out to hurt people, but I want to tell the truth. Of all the generals who fought for France, only
Garibal was invincible. After the establishment of the Paris Commune, the rebels once invited Garibaldi to command the National Guard, But at this time Garibaldi was sickened and unable to go. After the executioner Thiers seized the French power, he regarded Garibaldi as a thorn in his eyes. Thiers ordered the disbanding of the Vosges Corps and ordered that Gary not be allowed.
Podi enters France. Caprera Island
The retired Garibaldi has been living idle on the island of Caprera and no longer holds any official positions, but he is still a figure in the Italian political arena. In 1874, his novel "A Thousand Soldiers" was published, and the manuscript fee was 21,000 lire for the first printing. Garibaldi has always been uninterested in money and only lives on a little pension. People can't help but think that if he had a little selfishness when he was in the midst of the situation, he would not fall to this point. Later, the Palermo City Government passed a resolution to allocate 3,000 lire to Garibaldi as a pension every year. The Italian Senate also approved to allocate 5% of government interest to Garibaldi as living expenses every year from 1875, but he refused altogether. . It was only in his later years when Garibaldi was in financial constraints and had to sell his medals that he reluctantly accepted government subsidies.
In Italy, Garibaldi is a highly respected figure, and the people do not allow any slander against him. In 1879, a journalist named Giovanni Gino Ferranzona wrote two pamphlets "The Political Color of Garibaldi" and "Ingredient Garibaldi" to personally attack Garibaldi. As a result, the The reporter was assassinated on April 19. In the end, Garibaldi personally initiated a donation and raised a pension for Ferranzona's widow.
On June 5, 1882, Garibaldi died of illness on the island of Caprera, and the whole world was moved. Until the 1980s, on both sides of his tombstone, Italian navy soldiers were guarded with guns every day. "Father of modern guerrilla warfare" Garibaldi's outstanding contribution Italy is the core of the ancient Roman Empire, the birthplace of the Renaissance, and the cradle of European capitalism. However, since the Middle Ages, it has been in a state of fragmentation and civil strife for a long time. Beginning in the 16th century, Spain, Austria, and France successively invaded Italy. The Italian people have gone through centuries of heroic struggles for national independence and national unity. By the middle of the 19th century, the war of national liberation that swept across Italy was about to come.
The First War of Independence (1848-1849). This war was an important part of the European bourgeois revolution of 1848. From January to August 1848, the revolutionary situation continued to rise, and various states were forced to declare war on Austria driven by the people's movement. However, the monarchs of the various states did not fight resolutely, and even tried every means to obstruct and destroy, leading to the defeat of the war against Austria. In January 1848, the first people's uprising broke out in the capital of Sicily, which opened the prelude to the Italian War of Independence. In March, the people of Milan launched an uprising to liberate Milan; the people of Venice uprised and announced the establishment of an independent Republic of Venice. Under the impact of people's uprisings in various places, the monarchs of various states were forced to fight against Austria. However, until the end of April, the Pope called for an end to the anti-Austrian war and the withdrawal of troops from the front. The Sicilian uprising was suppressed, and the rebellion of the monarchs of the states gave Austria a respite. In June, the Austrian army turned to counterattack after receiving reinforcements. In July, the Austrian army re-occupied Milan and besieged the city of Venice. On August 9, the Kingdom of Sardinia and Austria signed an armistice agreement, ceding Lombardy, Venice, Parma, and Modena to Austria.
The Anti-Austrian War failed, and the War of Independence entered a new stage in which the bourgeois democrats took control of leadership.
From August 1848 to August 1849, the defeat of the Austrian War aroused the anger of the Italian people. The bourgeois democrats took the leadership of the independence movement and pushed the war of independence to a climax. The people of Venice clung to the city, and the people of Tuscany launched an uprising and established the Republic. In early 1849, the Roman Republic was established. In March 1849, the King of the Kingdom of Sardinia decided to fight again against Austria, but 70,000 people of the Austrian army severely injured the Sardinian army, and the Kingdom of Sardinia's war against Austria was completely defeated. The Austrian army took advantage of the victory and drove straight in.
The Pope asked for help from European Catholic countries. France, Austria, Spain and other countries gathered in Gaeta to formulate a joint intervention plan for the Roman Republic. In April, 10,000 French troops advanced towards Rome. The Austrian troops invaded and occupied Bologna. The Western troops approached the south of Rome, forming a situation of encirclement and annihilation against Rome. Garibaldi led the Republican Army to repeatedly defeat the enemy's offensive and delayed the enemy's advancement. The Roman Republic temporarily turned the crisis into peace. In June, after the French army received reinforcements, the two sides fought fiercely outside Rome. On June 23, the French army launched a general offensive, and the Republican army suffered heavy losses and was unable to fight again. On July 1, the parliament decided to stop fighting and withdraw from Rome; on the 3rd, the French army moved into Rome. On August 22, 1849, the city of Venice was captured by the Austrian army. So far, the first war of independence ended.
The Second War of Independence (1859-1860). The defeat of the First War of Independence caused a heavy blow to the bourgeois democrats. In the 1950s, the democrats continued to divide and disintegrate, and the bourgeois liberals came into being. At the beginning of April 1859, the Sardinian army began to mobilize. At the end of the month, the Austrian army began to attack and the war broke out. At the end of May, the two sides fought for the first time, and the coalition won. Garibaldi led the volunteers to go deep behind the enemy line. After winning the battle, large areas were liberated. The masses rose up and joined the volunteers. Garibaldi continued to grow in strength and effectively contained the Austrian army. In the June battle, the coalition forces suffered heavy losses, among which the Austrians were expelled from Lombardy. The victory of the Austrian war promoted the upsurge of the national liberation movement in Italy, and the popular uprising swept northern and central Italy. In July, Garibaldi liberated all of Sicily, preparing for the invasion of Italy. At the beginning of August, Garibaldi began to march into Naples; at dawn on August 19, he landed in Calabria; launched the Battle of Rezo on the 20th; after the Battle of Rezo, Garibaldi sent his troops northward to take Naples; in September, Entering the city of Naples, the Kingdom’s defenders surrendered without a fight; in October, Garibaldi fought fiercely with the Sicilian defenders. Due to the absolute advantage of the enemy forces, Garibaldi suffered heavy casualties and severely injured the defenders. The defenders retreated and defended. Position; in early November, the southern region was announced to be merged into the province of Sardinia. From the war to March 1861, Italy basically achieved unity.
The Third War of Independence (1866-1870). After the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy, it attempted to capture Venice through the dynastic war. In April 1866, when Prussia and Austria competed for the leadership of the German unity, a sharp conflict occurred. In April 1866, General Italy formed an anti-Austrian military alliance. In June, the Austro-Prussian War broke out. Italy took the opportunity to declare war on Austria, and the Third War of Independence broke out. On June 24, the Austrian and Italian armies engaged in a large-scale battle in Custoza. The Italian army was severely injured and was forced to withdraw to the Mincho River.
At the same time, the main force of the Austrian army withdrew to the homeland, and the Italian army was spared the attack. Garibaldi assisted the government forces in fighting, deepening behind enemy lines, and winning even the battle. However, under pressure from the Prime Minister of Prussia, Bismarck, the Italian government forced Garibaldi to withdraw from the Austrian strategic stronghold in South Tyrol, causing the area to return to the hands of the Austrian army. At the same time, the Austrian-Italian navy fought a desperate naval battle in the waters near the Adriatic Sea. The Italian army suffered heavy losses. Three armored ships sank and the remaining ships withdrew from the battle. The Austrian army suffered very little. After the Austrian-Italian War, Garibaldi screamed for the liberation of Rome. In October 1866, Garibaldi led his army to defeat a pope's army and captured the fortress of Monterotondo. In order to prevent Garibaldi from attacking Rome, Napoleon III of France sent an expeditionary army to Civitavechia by sea, and stationed in Rome on October 26. On November 3, Garibaldi led his troops to Mentana, but was blocked by French and Pope troops. As the French army was equipped with new rifles and firepower was intensive, Garibaldi was hit hard, and the march to Rome was once again blocked.
In July 1870, when the Franco-Prussian War broke out, Napoleon III was forced to withdraw the French troops stationed in Rome. On September 2, the French army was defeated at the Battle of Sedan, and Napoleon III became a prisoner. The government of the Kingdom of Italy no longer worried about French interference, so it sent 60,000 troops day and night to seize Rome before Garibaldi. On September 20, government forces and Garibaldi moved into Rome at the same time. Pope Pius IX ordered the cessation of resistance and took refuge in the Vatican. At this point, the great cause of Italian reunification has finally been completed. In January 1871, the capital of the Kingdom of Italy moved from Florence to Rome.
The independence and unification of Italy has gone through a long, arduous and tortuous process of struggle, which aroused the awakening of the Italian nation. The war of independence from 1848 to 1870 was finally victorious, which freed Italy from the situation of long-term oppression and division by foreigners, removed obstacles to the development of capitalism, and greatly promoted historical progress.
In the Italian War of Independence, there were always contradictions and struggles between bourgeois democrats and liberals. The democrats advocate a "bottom-up" road, and the liberals advocate a "top-down" road. Due to the weak power of the democrats and the lack of internal unity, the "bottom-up" path will not work. However, the liberals were strong and politically mature, and thus became the leading force in the War of Independence.
The Italian War of Independence created outstanding representatives, of which Garibaldi was the first. Garibaldi gained a wealth of experience through a series of military practices before the war. In the three wars of independence, he commanded a certain degree, defeated the dominant enemy force many times, and achieved brilliant results. He was good at carrying forward the political superiority of the revolutionary army, going deep behind enemy lines to carry out guerrilla warfare, accumulating small victories into great victories, and made great contributions to the unification of Italy. Later generations deserved to call him the "father of modern guerrilla warfare". The set of strategies and tactics he created in military practice is the precious spiritual wealth of the people of Italy and the whole world.

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Extended Reading
  • Bill 2022-03-26 09:01:10

    He is a leopard, a lost old god who has preserved joy and sorrow under the eyes of a ruthless God for centuries, infiltrating his arrogant and graceful character, but his high figure is replaced by the scavengers under his feet and the chaotic dust overlooking him. In a play, the hustle and bustle of bliss is a requiem of luxury, comfort and chaos. After the change of power, the feast turns more and more dizzy. The flow of clothes and temples overflows into hysteria. The crazy ecstasy of escaping from the apocalypse is tempting like a black hole. Death. The chill strips away the heat wave, and the lingering weariness destroys the blindness of forgetting the dream. In the gap between the dazzling and mesmerizing dance parties, yesterday quietly died, and the dawn sunlight no longer shines on those people who live in the clouds. The sighs that are about to die are silenced by the voices of birds and swallows, turned into lonely shadows, shuttled through the endless carnival symbolizing the reconciliation of old and new forces, the old is overtaken by the young, the prince is usurped by the clown, the age of myth and epic ushered in the death of the nobility. A luscious death. He does not belong to any world, the eternity of matter has long been reshaped with great changes, and the blindness of the spirit devours the stars. Wandering in the slender streets, the vague silhouette of the silhouette is absorbed by the curtain of night, leaving the world and returning to the hometown, the eternal alien land of the gods is as warm as a long summer.

  • Rosario 2022-03-27 09:01:15

    Intense as always. The group play is so good to see the explosion! First-class directors have the ability to recreate the world. Unexpectedly, it is a story about the criticism of Sicilian national character; also the fracture and hypocrisy of political representation, the transitional era, and the unease of the aristocracy. The distinction between logos and nomos reappears.

The Leopard quotes

  • Princess Maria Stella Salina: I never could endure that fop! You lost your head over him! And he has the impertinence to ask you, his uncle, father of the girl he has deceived, to carry his proposal to that rascal, the father of that slut! You mustn't do it!

    Prince Don Fabrizio Salina: Enough! You don't know what you're saying. Angelica is not a slut. She may become one, but for now she's a girl like any other, prettier than others, who wants to make a good marriage.

  • Princess Maria Stella Salina: It's outrageous! And I'd so hoped he would marry Concetta! He's a traitor, like all liberals of his kind! First he betrays his king, and now us. He, with that lying face of his, those honeyed words and poisoned actions! That's what happens when one lets people into one's home who aren't of our own blood.