Reprinted: "What was the ins and outs of Prohibition in the 1930s in the United States?" 》

Vern 2021-11-11 08:01:14


Time: 2012-03-23 ​​12:16:55 Source: Author: talich
By talich

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Going forward, of course, you must talk about progressivism when you talk about Prohibition, second awakening when you talk about progressivism, first awakening when you talk about second awakening, calvinism when you talk about first awakening, and religious reform when you talk about calvisim... .

This is still only one line without the fork.

The simplest understanding is that Prohibition is the peak of progressivism. Progressivism is a secularized manifestation of religious movements.

Let me talk about the concept of Puritan. By this period, it is not so clear. Here I will mix Puritans and Protestants, both referring to white Protestants who were born and raised in the United States.

Modern people talk about prohibition, they feel that it is too much and a bit incomprehensible. History is a weird country. If the time difference is too long, many things will be taken for granted. Behind the prohibition, there are religious factors in it, which are promoted by people who believe in absolute morality. But religion has no realistic soil, nor can it take root. To understand Prohibition, we must look at it in that era.

In that era, with the exception of a few people, such as blacks and Jews, most families were single-employed workers. On the other hand, the wages of workers are still very low. Therefore, if there is a habit of drinking, it will have a great impact on the family's economy, and the resulting domestic violence is also very common. On the other hand, alcoholism has a great impact on work. Imagine drinking at work, or going to work drunk, and you will definitely be expelled today (except for wineries, but now some wineries are also prohibiting alcohol). In those days, working conditions were much worse, workers were rarely protected, and there was a high chance of work-related injuries, especially if they were drunk. At the turn of the century, in the United States, 500,000 people were injured at work each year, and more than 30,000 people died in their jobs. The government and the courts considered workers to have signed life and death contracts, and tried their best to protect the "liberty of contract" (the famous Lochner v New York case). So once a work-related injury occurs, it is very likely that a family will be devastated.

Under these factors, it is not difficult to imagine that prohibition has received a lot of support in society.

However, such support alone is not enough to achieve prohibition. The movement behind Prohibition began in the 1870s, but it was only successful in 1919. Because of the prohibition requirement, no local government can fulfill it. The federal government did not even have a prison in the nineteenth century, and of course it did not have the strength to manage it. This matter can only be done when the central government has the strength. As a result, there was a great war. War is the best time to strengthen the power of the central government.

The best time for prohibition has also come: wine needs grain, but grain can be used for wine during war, which is obviously not conducive to the war; secondly, Germany is an opponent and has been promoted as a murderous Hun, while the United States is the main brewer. Businessmen are all German immigrants, and they naturally suffer. German can’t be spoken, German newspapers can’t be printed, German names can’t be ordered, even German foods have been renamed, Hamburger Hamberger has been renamed Salisbury steak, Sauerkraut has been renamed Liberty cabbage, and Germans’ favorite beer is of course also Banned.

Prohibition was passed in Congress in 1917 and ratified in 1919. This is about how Prohibition came about today.

Therefore, the success of Prohibition obviously has many influences. It is not an isolated incident. If you take it out and talk about it alone, you can't tell its greatest significance and its impact on future generations.

For example, Prohibition came into being as a constitutional amendment. During the decade from 1909 to 1919, the United States passed four consecutive constitutional amendments, and Prohibition was the third. It is not accidental that the four amendments appeared in one breath. To know the previous constitutional amendments, we must go forward to the historic 15th amendment in 1869, and the next one will be in 1932. From 1890 to the beginning of the 20th century, it was the era of progressivism. These four amendments, all of which are the product of progressivism, of which Prohibition is called progressivism go amok (out-of-control progressivism).

So if we want to talk about Prohibition, we must talk about progressivism.

But progressivism is difficult to say clearly, because it does not have a generally accepted definition. It's a bit like film noir. You can perceive the taste, but everyone has a different definition of what it is.

I personally feel that progressivism is an active or passive response from all over the country when the United States is transforming from an agricultural country to an industrial country and undergoing large-scale urbanization, while facing the influx of immigrants. , Different groups in society, their responses are from different perspectives, focusing on different problems, sometimes overlapping, sometimes overlapping, even if the same problem is the same starting point, sometimes the solution is completely different.

Any large-scale social movement must target specific social changes and crises. The situation in the United States at that time was largely like this.

Because of the great development of industrialization and the unprecedented development of urbanization, by the 1920 census, the urban population officially exceeded the agricultural population (but the urban definition at that time was much smaller than it is now, it seems to be 2500 people). Most of the labors that provide these modern industries are immigrants from Europe, and most of them are immigrants from Ireland (there are also many immigrants from Germany and Northern Europe, but most of these immigrants are wealthy and will not be trapped in cities. They can choose to go to the west. Or buying property in the country, so there are many so-called German towns in the Midwest). After 1890, there was a large influx of immigrants from Southeast Europe.

As a result, the center of the city, the so-called downtown area, began to gather a large number of immigrants, and local people, mainly rich and white Puritans, began to choose to move out to the suburbs. Slowly, a pattern of living in the center of the United States where the poor live in the center of the United States and the rich live in the satellite city of the outside world.

Most of these immigrants work in factories and are densely populated. They clock in and commute to work every day (yes, the clock machine appeared at the end of the nineteenth century, and the so-called machine rhythm replaced the natural rhythm of people). As a result, the current urban culture has emerged, which is simply the monster of consumption. Work during the day and rest for entertainment at night and weekends. Therefore, bars (both Irish and Germans are famous for bar culture), juggling theaters, and playgrounds began to emerge.

Of course, the problem arises.

One problem is that the city’s charter is still a seventeenth-century template, and there is no idea how to respond to the needs of industrialized cities. There are almost no public services that everyone knows, such as road repairs, garbage cleaning, water supply and drainage, such as police, such as public transportation. These conditions have brought about poor living conditions, and sometimes even pose a direct challenge to human survival.

The police were the result of the famous Philadelphia riots against Irish immigrants in 1844 (although it was aimed at Irish immigrants, under the organized counterattack by the Irish, the Puritans suffered heavy losses, and the blacks also followed bad luck). These police officers were actually the Puritans against the Irish. It was not until later that the sheriff was also Irish.

In such an environment, new immigrants want to live better and have a guaranteed life, but they have nowhere to rely. At this time, the big bosses appeared, and some were gangs, such as the earliest fire brigade. Sometimes they did not fight fires at all in order to rescue the fire, but fought each other. These bosses are generally immigrants. Knowing what immigrants need most, they play a role in providing benefits for these new immigrants. Of course, the benefits are not given in vain. To put it bluntly, they are exchanged for votes. I provide you with public services and you vote for me. This kind of thing has become a means by which some new immigrants can quickly climb up and enter politics. But it quickly got out of control, and there were signs of canvassing for fraud, such as copying names from the cemetery, asking people to vote for the dead, or casting multiple votes for one person. In the provision of public services, there have also been layers of subcontracting, profiting from it but only low-quality services. A famous example is Tweed courthouse scandal. The court in New York County planned for 200,000. It was built in 1861, and it actually cost 13 million US dollars to buy two Alaskas.

This just reflects what the founders of the United States worried about in the early years: free people who cannot be economically independent cannot be politically independent, and the result is political corruption.

On the other hand, there were so many workers living in the city at once, mostly young unmarried men and women. As a result, the original Victorian circle of men and women was broken, the traditional image of men and women was broken, and a new type of relationship between men and women appeared, the so-called marriage. It is because the concept of love suddenly became stronger. But on the other hand, professions such as prostitutes inevitably appear. This makes some defenders worry about the so-called white slave phenomenon.

As a result, the native Americans (well, the Puritans think so), found that they were attacked by two sides. On the one hand, a large number of new European immigrants, especially Catholic immigrants, had low morals, corrupted the world and made American citizens. Moral traditions are almost destroyed. On the other hand, they themselves have to face the division brought about by industrialization. They are no longer a single middle class, but because of the development of capitalism, a rich class has emerged.

This is the problem brought about by industrialization and urbanization. In dealing with these changes, the traditional concept is individualistic. It developed to that period and was combined with the popular social Darwinism. They regarded people as individuals rather than classes. Now, it is God who wants to reward you, is selected (an important concept of elected among the Puritans), and you are poor, you must have a problem with yourself. U.S. President Cleveland said in 1887: The government should not help individuals, although the people support the Government the Government should not support the people. Under this concept, the government protects the winners.

However, out of the same Puritan ideals, at the same time, another religious trend emerged. They believe that the bond between people should be maintained so that the whole society can make progress together. These people are still Puritans, the main force of the American middle class, the main force of political activities, the active participants in community building, and the driving force of social change. In contrast, those workers are the so-called proletariat. Although they are large in number, it is the middle class that really determines the success or failure of social reforms.

This kind of thinking among the Puritans is largely due to their doctrine, which emphasizes the concept of the entire community. Their teachings are extremely combative. If one person is guilty (sin in the religious sense), the entire society will have to sit down at the doomsday judgment. Therefore, they have a very strong motivation and need to regulate the world (and for this they have produced a huge sense of moral superiority, the so-called American exceptionalism). On the other hand, they have a high degree of vigilance against power, and the emergence of large monopoly companies has made them realize that power is again concentrated in an unprecedented way, only this time, in the economic field. At this time, the vigilance in their bones became apparent.

Thus, a new social reform movement centered on Protestants began. This is the so-called social gospel. As a religious movement, the social gospel movement did not have many practical results, mainly conceptual, but it slowly brought up the whole society's reform movement from the bottom up.

This movement can be discussed from several directions. Because the topic is prohibition, this can be regarded as a moral reform in this movement, so let's start from this line.

Prohibition can be said to be the earliest in this line. There were Prohibition Party and Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in the 1870s.

The other line is the crusade against obscene books. The banner character is Anthony Comstock. Comstock is a religious fanatic. When he was a soldier, he was considered a weird man because he strongly asked his comrades to pray. In 1872, Anthony Comstock started a war on obscene products with the support of the YMCA. Banker Morris Jesup contributed money to organize YMCA's Committee for the Suppression of Vice, and under the leadership of Comstock, the campaign was launched with great fanfare. Comstock's basic strategy is to prosecute those who they believe are trafficking in obscene products and contraceptive products. Although winning some important lawsuits, Comstock realized that without the support of the federal government, it would be difficult for them to make a big difference. So Comstock went to Washington to lobby Congress. Congress was suffering from a moral crisis because of the Credit Mobilier of America scandal, but in fact the power of the central government was limited at the time, and only the National Post was exclusively managed by it. So Congress accepted Comstock's lobbying and passed a bill to combat the unethical spread of obscene books and articles. This bill is generally called the Comstock Act.

Comstock did a lot of things that were famous in those days, the most famous was the organization of the arrest of Victoria Woodhull.

Victoria Wood is a leading figure in the feminist movement, advocating Free Love (don’t expect literary meaning, this term was actually fighting for women’s legal divorce right at the time). She was the first female broker on Wall Street, published the first "Communist Manifesto" in the United States, and was the first female presidential candidate in American history. In 1872, the famous Protestant pastor Henry Ward Beecher (I don’t know this person? Harriet Beecher Stowe is his sister) published a report on supporting individualism (that is, the view that personal unsuccess is because of his guilt and impure beliefs). In his own magazine published a story about Beecher and a man named Elizabeth Tilton's extramarital affairs. As a result, under Comstock's plan, the candidate was arrested on charges of "indecency" before the presidential election. It was later released due to technical issues. This incident is equivalent to the Clinton zipper door that year, and finally reached a climax when Tilton's husband sued Beecher for destroying his family relationship.

Comstock's other small and famous thing was the blow to Margaret Sanger. Sanger is a well-known sex educator who practices abortion and family planning, and is also a supporter of the eugenics movement. Modern contraceptives were invented with her support. Because she opened an abortion clinic, she was hit by Comstock and had to flee to the UK.

According to Comstock himself, 4,000 people were arrested because of him, and 15 tons of obscene books and 4 million obscene pictures were destroyed. A large number of similar organizations and movements have emerged across the country. Comstock has a wide range of hits. For example, even Mark Twain's huckleberry finn is considered bad reading by Comstock.

A byproduct of the rectification movement is the proliferation of public libraries. Moral reformers believe that public libraries provide free controlled books to control and improve the quality of the people. As a result, Andrew Carnegie alone has donated money to repair thousands of libraries across the country. However, these libraries have not completely resisted the temptation of vulgarity. In order to attract the public, they have imported a lot of popular books.

This war on vice (war on vice) reached its climax in 1910, when the U.S. government passed the Mann Act, which means that it is illegal to transport women out of the state for immoral purposes. Legislators believe that this can effectively combat prostitution. They think that prostitutes are being forced, and they don't want to admit it. In fact, a more direct solution is to provide better employment opportunities so that they will not choose the path of prostitution. At the same time, to protect women, the minimum age of consent for legal sex was raised from 10 to 18 years old (later down to 16 years old). Sexual acts with underage women are considered rape (Statuary rape). Movie star Errol Flynn has been accused of this.

Another thing related to alcohol prohibition was the first anti-drug law passed during the First World War.

Closely connected with this moral line, and even a little bit indifferent to you and me, is the anti-Catholicism and the xenophobic movement that followed.

Progressivism has a theme, Americanization, and the line of moral rectification best reflects this. Because this is a movement initiated by the white protestant, naturally, this so-called Americanization also uses their morals to teach new immigrants. There is Protestantism on one side and Catholicism on the other. Of course, this Americanization is to strengthen the teachings of Protestantism and oppose Catholicism. This is a religious contradiction with a long history. Europe has been fighting for this for hundreds of years, and it is not new in the United States.

To a large extent, Protestants are instinctively alert to Catholics. Because from the perspective of the church, Catholicism is hierarchical from the pope. Therefore, Protestants believe that Catholics are one servant and two masters, obviously American citizens, and secretly the Pope’s army. They also believe that Catholics are not qualified American citizens.

On the other hand, as mentioned earlier, Protestants have their own moral superiority. They believe that their belief in Protestantism is not accidental, but that they have noble blood in their bones, which is the so-called Anglo-Saxon ethnic superiority.

Therefore, this anti-Catholic moral superiority at that time was actually racial superiority, and anti-Catholicism was xenophobia and anti-immigration.

When dealing with non-white Protestants, Americans have three attitudes, one is assimilation, the second is isolation, and the third is xenophobia.

This prohibition is a method of assimilation, imposing white Protestant ethics on the culture of foreign ethnic groups. The main targets are the Irish and Germans. The Germans were treated better because they were both Protestants, and several famous generals were born during the Civil War. But in World War I, the Germans still did not escape the chance of being liquidated by rectification.

What I want to say is that in the nineteenth century, despite the influx of foreign immigrants, the total proportion of foreign immigrants did not change much in terms of proportions, because Native Americans (generally referred to as immigrants over three generations) also grew. However, as mentioned earlier, a large number of foreign immigrants, especially Catholic immigrants, have settled in cities, and the presence of foreign immigrants is particularly strong.

Exacerbating this concern is the decline in the Protestant's own fertility rate. Therefore, abortion has also become a target. For example, the aforementioned defender Anthony Comstock hit Margaret Sanger. The most famous victim is Madame Restell. In the crusade against abortion, the old lady who had earned hundreds of thousands of fortunes from abortions committed suicide in 1878 with a golden knife. Another interesting phenomenon is that most abortions targeted by Comstock are Native Americans, and most of the pornographic book publishers and sellers targeted are immigrants. This shows the racial tendency in the moral crusade.

This sense of racial superiority of the Protestants has also found so-called support in scientific theories. This is also a characteristic of the progressivism movement, which is to use science and professional knowledge to manage society. Because of the development of genetics, the theory of racial superiority began to have a basis, so eugenics began to prevail. The aforementioned Sanger was a supporter.

With the support of ethnology and eugenics, American society has begun to believe that criminal tendencies and low morals such as alcoholism can be inherited. Therefore, many states have passed laws to systematically sterilize problematic groups. The climax came from the Buck vs Bell case in 1927. In this case, Carrie Buck became pregnant after being raped and gave birth to a daughter. However, the examination showed that Buck's family had dementia for three generations, so the state of Virginia required her to be sterilized. The High Court stood on the side of Virginia's eugenics laws and determined that since the government can vaccinate children and send people to the battlefield to cannon fodder, it can of course sterilize women. In Buck’s case, Chief Justice Holmes believed that Buck was sterilized for the welfare of society as a whole: “Isn’t three generations of dementia enough?” But the whole trial was a super misjudgment, because Carrie Buck and her daughter are very normal. They It's just that people feel demented because they are completely illiterate and can't speak well.

Also under the influence of ethnography, the United States introduced the IQ test and the standardized test (SAT) to affirm the superiority of white Puritans. Oregon State also passed laws requiring school-age children to attend public schools, aiming to close private schools run by the Catholic Church. The case hit the High Court, and the High Court finally made the right decision: Children should receive compulsory education, but they should be able to choose the school they want to go to.

After 1890, the composition of European immigrants began to shift from northwestern Europe to southeastern Europe. The Slavic and Italian races in Southeast Europe are too far apart in appearance from the Anglo-Saxon race, and the Protestants began to feel that these people might not be assimilated, so the xenophobia began to rise.

The Chinese were the first to be attacked. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first exclusionary act, followed by other Asian countries. Because of its strong national strength, Japan only made a gentleman agreement with the United States. Although the United States still allows Japanese entry in name, Japan no longer grants exit visas to citizens (except for picture brides who marry away from home).

This xenophobic wave will reach its climax in the 1920s.

As for another method of dealing with other races, segregation, the first thing that comes to mind is the segregation of blacks. The representative case was Plessy v Ferguso in 1896. The High Court proposed the concept of "separate but equal".

Another famous example happened to Jews. In 1877, the famous Jewish banker Joseph Seligman and his family were outside the gates of the Grand Union Hotel in Saratoga, saying that otherwise it would affect other tourists. As a result, the Jews began to separate culturally. They established their own clubs, their own cultural circles. That's why there is the classic phrase "I don't want to belong to any club that will accept me as a member" from Groucho Marx.

It must be said that racial discrimination was common at the time, and no one was innocent. For example, Irish people, although they are discriminated against, this does not mean that they do not discriminate against others. For example, they look down on black people very much. During the Civil War, the Irish became cannon fodder, and what they believed was their labor rivals, so riots against blacks broke out in New York. Similar to the 1844 Philadelphia riots mentioned above, the Irish also attacked the Blacks in an organized manner. The slow development of the American trade union movement is partly due to the fact that people of different races are not united.

Finally, before this moral crusade, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the requirements for moral crimes in the original colonial period had been greatly reduced. Acts like adultery and premarital sex, unless they cause a bad social impact, everyone has turned a blind eye. Even, irregularities in sexual life are regarded as normal needs. By paying the police to gain acquiescence, red light districts began to appear. These are the so-called Victoria compromises. In other words, these ethical issues are no longer crimes in themselves. The offenders are your wish, and there are no direct victims. The reason they become crimes is when society becomes a potential victim. This is the so-called victimless crime.

Therefore, these moral issues have become problems, or have to be faced. It is also the change of the times and the shift of people's minds.

In this change, there are still some very important issues. Prohibition is only involved to a certain extent, but it is very important to understand the significance of Prohibition, which is political reform.

Let's start with prohibition.

One characteristic of the whole progressivism is the high level of female participation. Among them, the one with the highest participation is Prohibition, and the Christian Women's Prohibition Union (WCTU) is the standard bearer of the Prohibition Movement.

How does WCTU work? Take Carrie Nation from Kansas as an example.



Above is a photo of Carrie Nation. She has an axe in one hand and the Bible in the other. It is said that when she went to forbidding, she ran to stand in front of the bar, chanting scriptures and singing hymns. This was also the traditional practice of WCTU. If this doesn't work, Comrade Carrie will pick up the axe and smash it all the way in. Of course she has also made many rounds for this matter. It is said that she hired a public relations manager very early to ensure that reporters would be there when she went to the scene. With the increase in popularity, she will also sign and sell axe to satisfy fans.

It is conceivable from this that prohibition is a very radical social movement, and women's participation in such a movement is actually quite different from the traditional female image. Because this movement itself is an important branch movement of the modern feminist movement.

The birth of modern feminism, speaking of it, originated from the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment aims to give blacks and whites the same voting rights. But this annoys comrades women. We must know that in the first half of the 19th century, women were also the main force in the abolitionist movement (such as Harriet Beecher Stowe). With such active participation, in the end all blacks got the right to vote, but women themselves did not. Of course, it made them unhappy about sex. NS. Since then, feminists have no longer turned corners, but pursued their political power more clearly. For example, Victoria Wood mentioned above is an important figure in feminism.

The feminist movement of this period took a different line from the familiar feminist movement that began in the 1960s. Today’s feminist movement emphasizes commonality even if you do what you do. The feminist movement back then emphasized differences, which emphasized that women are good at different types of jobs and different ways of contributing to society. Modern society therefore needs women. , To complete those jobs that are more suitable for women. Regardless, in the final analysis, it is said that women should be allowed to leave the family circle, enter the society, and engage in social work, so they must also enjoy the corresponding political power.

The head of WCTU, Frances Willard, is also an important feminist and a strong supporter of women's voting rights. She also knows that if feminists are too radical, they will be unhelpful. Therefore, in public, she emphasizes prohibition of alcohol. It is just that women, as the guardians of the family, work for her duty. Her speeches will deliberately create a family atmosphere and enhance the sensibility of maternal love.

Other leaders of the feminist movement, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony, also emphasized the importance of women as guardians of the family and believed that society is also a big family, and women are civic house keepers. On the other hand, they have to play the racial card of unsatisfactory performance, emphasizing the right to vote for women, which will bring a large number of white Protestant female votes to ensure the so-called white supremacy. Subsequent investigations showed that although women have the right to vote, most women have the same votes as other members of the family. Unmarried women are from their fathers, and married women are from their husbands.

Women's entry into society, of course, does not stop at prohibition. But as mentioned earlier, the feminist movement at that time allowed women to actively or passively choose jobs that were traditionally considered suitable for women. The most representative is the Nobel Peace Prize winner Jane Adams.

Jane Adams chose to take the initiative to help new immigrants adapt to the United States in the atmosphere of exclusion from immigrants at the time. As mentioned earlier, at the beginning of urbanization in the United States, living conditions were poor (imagine that New York passed a law in 1879, requiring all bedrooms to have at least one window, which gave birth to the famous dumbbell-shaped building. Many new immigrants live in a similar way. Difficult. Jane Adams established the famous Hull House settlement near Chicago's new immigrants' gathering area to accept new immigrants. To put it bluntly, it is an active Americanization action. Even so, Hull House does not deliberately suppress the new immigrants themselves. National cultural activities can be said to be quite successful civic house keeper. Adams is also actively involved in the construction of other cities. For example, when the city’s big bosses bargained for money, Adams himself became a garbage inspector in the city. A good story.

Similarly, many settlement houses appeared during that period. In addition, Christian groups such as the YMCA and the Salvation Army that helped the poor also emerged and became part of the

urban reform . Urban reform, or political system reform, was also positive. It started at this time. For

example, the corruption of municipal administration was mentioned earlier. In fact, political corruption is not only caused by the arrival of new immigrants. As early as the second party reform, Andrew Jackson won the White House with a so-called democratic vote, but it also began. This is the precedent of rewarding those who support oneself with a position. Since then, this has become a common practice for American presidents, which is the so-called patronage system. The most common position is the post office director, a fat man who pays nothing. Everyone knows this. It’s not good, it’s just using money to buy officials, but no one dares to control it. After all, I was supported by others in this system.

Things turned around for President James Garfield, because someone was dissatisfied because he didn't get the reward, and he killed Garfield. At this time, everyone felt that it was necessary to change, so in 1883, he passed the Pendleton civil service act and started the civil service examination. By 1900, half of the civil servants had passed the examination. This is also a characteristic of progressivism, which is to use professional Of professional staff to carry out effective government work, which also makes civil servants a career choice.

But the transaction of money rights is the basic law of social operation. If this path of money is cut off, there will be other ways out. Thus, there are lobbyists working for various interest groups in Washington. This has also become a characteristic of progressivism, that is, in the operation of the government, it avoids black-box operations, introduces an open and transparent mechanism, and the transaction of money rights, who speaks for whom, at least I can see. This lobbyist system is now a basic political operation channel of Washington, and it is deeply entrenched. Obama recently came to the stage claiming to change the so-called Washington Lobbyist's ethos, but in the end it didn't stop.

The civil service examination is a special case in the progressivism movement, because the reform of the political system basically starts from the local area and develops from the bottom up.

A representative one is Pingree, the mayor of Detroit. In response to the problem of boss corruption in urban public services, he proposed to outsource the service business and open bidding. In some industries where monopolies have emerged, he found through comparative investigations that the prices were too high, and then proposed that the cities should run their own businesses, forcibly join the competition, and force service providers to lower. On this point, it is also consistent with the civil service reform, which is to use professional management personnel to carry out modern municipal management in an open, transparent, digital, and scientific management method. With Pingree as the representative, a new generation of American city leaders began to formulate a new city charter more in line with the needs of the times. They began to hire specialized city managers who applied for jobs at a professional level, not through elections. They were not restricted by deadlines and had a long and stable time for urban planning.

Another representative figure is the governor of Wisconsin, La Follette, known as the "Democracy Laboratory." He was elected in 1901. In response to the problem of money rights transactions that appeared in the state, he proposed a method of directly extracting corporate taxes from railway companies to eliminate black-box transactions. He also supports the reform of the primary elections. The candidates are no longer designated, but are selected by ordinary people.

Pingree later became governor of Michigan, and La Follette became a U.S. Senator. Their successful promotion also means the success of progressivism, step by step from the local to the comprehensive.

View more about Boardwalk Empire reviews

Extended Reading
  • Xzavier 2022-03-22 09:01:28

    SOME BADASS GANGSTA SHIT

  • Brandy 2022-04-22 07:01:05

    The truth is that this movie is really top-notch, but it doesn't hit me at all. I don't like it at all. I endured watching the tenth episode all the way. I really don't want to watch it anymore, so I discarded it. I almost always have this attitude about the gangsters like Martin, I don't like it...

Boardwalk Empire quotes

  • [coming in to speak with her husband, Arnold Rothstein]

    Carolyn Rothstein: Arnold, a Nucky Thompson on the telephone.

    Arnold Rothstein: I'll take it in here, darling.

    Carolyn Rothstein: [about his diet, with a smile] How's that stomach?

    Arnold Rothstein: It's still a little tentative.

    Carolyn Rothstein: So much apple bread.

    Arnold Rothstein: [laughs lightly] It has a binding effect.

    Carolyn Rothstein: Is that the best thing right now?

    Arnold Rothstein: A sound elimination is the basis of good health.

    [Carolyn looks at him amusedly before exiting]

  • Enoch 'Nucky' Thompson: The puppies have grown fangs.